Trust in Philanthropy: An Examination of Multidisciplinary Factors

Main Article Content

Mohamad Isa Abd Jalil
Anwar Allah Pitchay
Sofri Yahya

Abstract

This article explores and consolidates the factors that influence the donor’s trust from cross-disciplinary literature, and we put factors from these different fields to the test in one topic: the donor’s trust in the fundraiser organisation. Grounded on the literature, we can say that there are nine themes of constructs that influence trust. This research utilised a quantitative survey approach and PLS-SEM as an analysis platform to analyse the data collected. We have discovered that our respondents who represent donors strongly agree that their trust is heavily influenced by perceived security, rule of law, organisational personnel personality, communication effectiveness, reputation, perceived integrity, and perceived competence. Cross-disciplinary studies are profoundly helpful towards deeper knowledge and enhance the learning experience and enable the transfer of ideas across many areas of study easier. The findings should contribute to the theoretical knowledge specifically on trust antecedent in the philanthropy setting and other disciplines. The findings presented in this paper may also be useful as input for fundraisers to build and strengthen the level of their donor’s trust. This article explores and consolidates all factors that influence donor trust, which has been published in the literature and presents the results from the cross-examination of these factors.

Article Details

How to Cite
Mohamad Isa Abd Jalil, Anwar Allah Pitchay, & Sofri Yahya. (2024). Trust in Philanthropy: An Examination of Multidisciplinary Factors. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 165–209. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2024.29.2.7
Section
Original Articles

References

Abd Jalil, M. I. (2018). Information disclosure and waqif commitment: the role of trust as mediator and communication as moderator. [Unpublished doctoral dessertation]. Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Abd Jalil, M. I., Lada, S., Allah Pitchay, A., Bakri, M. A., Ghazali, M. F., & Abdul Hamid, M. R. (2022). Infaq during movement lockdown: The perspective from social responsibility theory. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 15(2), 441–460. https://doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2021-0020

Abd Jalil, M. I., Yahya, S., & Allah Pitchay, A. (2019). Building committed waqif: The role of information disclosure. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(2), 185–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-05-2016-0058

Agca, A., & Onder, S. (2007). Voluntary disclosure in Turkey: A study on firms listed in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). Problems and Perspectives in Management, 5(3), 241–251. https://www.businessperspectives.org/index.php/journals/problems-and-perspectives-in-management/issue-3-cont/voluntary-disclosure-in-turkey-a-study-on-firms-listed-in-istanbul-stock-exchange-ise

Abdullah, R., & Saleh, Y. (2017). Factors affecting buyers’ trust in e-commerce in Palestine. Middle East Journal of Management, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1504/mejm.2019.101923

Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(4), 411–454. https://doi.org/10.1086/209080

Amin, H., Abdul-Rahman, A.-R., Ramayah, T., Supinah, R., & Mohd Aris, M. (2014). Determinants of online waqf acceptance: An empirical investigation. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, 60(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2014.tb00429.x

Anderson, J. J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1990). A model of distributor firm and manufacturer firm working partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252172

Ba, S., & Pavlou, P. A. (2002). Evidence of the effect of trust buiding in technology. MIS Quarterly, 26(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/4132332

Baker, W., Hutchinson, J. W., Moore, D., & Nedungadi, P. (1986). Brand familiarity and advertising: Effects on the evoked set and brand preference. Advances in Consumer Research, 13(1), 637–642.

Baraggia, A., & Bonelli, M. (2022). Linking money to values: The new rule of law conditionality regulation and its constitutional challenges. German Law Journal, 23(2), 131–156. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.17

Barber, B. (1983). The logic and limits of trust. Rutgers University Press.

Beldad, A., Snip, B., & van Hoof, J. (2012). Generosity the second time around: Determinants of individuals’ repeat donation intention. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012457466

Beldad, A., Snip, B., & van Hoof, J. (2014). Generosity the second time around: Determinants of individuals’ repeat donation intention. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012457466

Bhattacherjee, A. (2002). Individual trust in online firms: Scale development and initial test. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol 19(1), 211–241. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40398572

Biswas, A., Jaiswal, D., & Kant, R. (2022). Investigating service innovation, bank reputation and customer trust: Evidence from Indian retail banking. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-03-2021-0042

Boyle, R., & Bonacich, P. (1970). The development of trust and mistrust in mixed-motive games. Sociometry, 33(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786324

Braidwood, E. (2022). Trust in charities falls among the least well off. ThirdSector. https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/trust-charities-falls-among-least-off/management/article/1793102#

Burt, C. D. B. (2014). Managing the public’s trust in non-profit organizations. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0560-7_2

Butler, J. K. (1991). Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 3(17), 643–663. http://jom.sagepub.com/content/17/3/643.short

Carlos Roca, J., José García, J., & José de la Vega, J. (2009). The importance of perceived trust, security and privacy in online trading systems. Information Management & Computer Security, 17(2), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1108/09685220910963983

Carlson, M. S., Desai, M., Drury, J. L., Kwak, H., & Yanco, H. A. (2014). Identifying factors that influence trust in automated cars and medical diagnosis systems. AAAI Spring Symposia.

Cerri, S. (2012). Exploring factor affecting trust and relationship quality in a supply chain context. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(1), 74–90.

Chen, S., & Dhillon, G. (2003). Interpreting dimensions of consumer trust in e-commerce. Information Technology and Management, 4(2/3), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022962631249

Cheung, C.-K., & Chan, C.-M. (2000). Social-cognitive factors of donating money to charity, with special attention to an international relief organization. Evaluation and Program Planning, 23(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(00)00003-3

Cho, J.-H., & Kim, B.-S. (2019). The effect of corporate social responsibility on organizational trust, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 20(5), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.6106/KJCEM.2019.20.5.083

Chopra, K., & Wallace, W. A. (2003). Trust in electronic environments. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2003, January 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2003.1174902

Chou, S.-K., Kohsuwan, P., & Thanabordeekij, P. (2019). The impact of corporate image, service quality, trust, and perceived value on Chinese customer satisfaction and loyalty: Medical services in Thailand. Human Behaviour, Development and Society, 20(3), 41–51.

Connolly, R., & Bannister, F. (2007). Consumer trust in internet shopping in Ireland: Towards the development of a more effective trust measurement instrument. Journal of Information Technology, 22(2), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000071

Connolly, R., & Bannister, F. (2008). Factors influencing Irish consumers’ trust in internet shopping. Management Research News, 31(5), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170810865154

Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00005.x

Coulter, K. S., & Coulter, R. A. (2002). Determinants of trust in a service provider: The moderating role of length of relationship. Journal of Services Marketing, 16(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040210419406

Coulter, K. S., & Coulter, R. A. (2003). The effects of industry knowledge on the development of trust in service relationships. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 20(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(02)00120-9

Covello, V. T. (1992). Trust and credibility in risk communication. In Health and Environment Digest (Vol. 6, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1952-5

Czepiel, J. A. (1990). Service encounters and service relationships: Implications for research. Journal of Business Research, 20(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(90)90038-F

Damghanian, H., Zarei, A., & Siahsarani Kojuri, M. A. (2016). Impact of perceived security on trust, perceived risk, and acceptance of online banking in Iran. Journal of Internet Commerce, 15(3), 214–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2016.1191052

De Ruyter, K., Moorman, L., & Lemmink, J. (2001). Antecedents of commitment and trust in customer-supplier relationships in high technology markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00091-7

Denaputri, A., & Usman, O. (2019). Effect of perceived trust, perceived security, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on customers’ intention to use mobile payment. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3511632

Deutcsh, M. (1975). The resolution of conflict. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420050314

Deutschi, M., & Deutsch, M. (1960). The effect of motivational orientation upon trust and suspicion. Human Relations, 13(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872676001300202

Doney, P. M., & Cannon, J. P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251829

Doney, P. M., Cannon, J. P., & Mullen, M. R. (1998). Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926629

Donna L. H., Thomas P. N., & Marcos P. (1998). Building consumer trust in online environments: The case for information privacy. Communications of the ACM, 42(4), 80–85. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/299157.299175

Dupont, Q., & Karpoff, J. M. (2020). The trust triangle: Laws, reputation, and culture in empirical finance research. Journal of Business Ethics, 163(2), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04229-1

Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. H., & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251126

Ehrke, F., Bruckmüller, S., & Steffens, M. C. (2020). A double‐edged sword: How social diversity affects trust in representatives via perceived competence and warmth. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(7), 1540–1554. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2709

Evely, A. C., Fazey, I., Lambin, X., Lambert, E., Allen, S., & Pinard, M. (2010). Defining and evaluating the impact of cross-disciplinary conservation research. Environmental Conservation, 37(4), 442–450. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892910000792

Fan, J., Zhou, W., Yang, X., Li, B., & Xiang, Y. (2019). Impact of social support and presence on swift guanxi and trust in social commerce. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 119(9), 2033–2054. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2019-0293

Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E., & Lim, K. H. (2014). Trust, satisfaction, and online repurchase intention: The moderating role of perceived effecctiveness of e-commerce institutional mechanisms. MIS Quarterly, 38(2), 407–427.

Flavián, C., & Guinalíu, M. (2006). Consumer trust, perceived security and privacy policy. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 106(5), 601–620. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570610666403

Flavián, C., Guinalíu, M., & Jordán, P. (2022). Virtual teams are here to stay: How personality traits, virtuality and leader gender impact trust in the leader and team commitment. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(2), 100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100193

Fukuyama, F. (1995). TRUST: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Free Press Papaerbacks.

Fukuyama, F. (2000). Trust: the social virtues and the creation of prosperity. Diane Publishing Company. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=mHFJPgAACAAJ

Fungáčová, Z., Kerola, E., & Weill, L. (2019). Does experience of banking crises affect trust in banks? BOFIT Discussion Papers, 21.

Ganesan, S. (1994). Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252265

Gao, Y. (Lisa), & Mattila, A. S. (2014). Improving consumer satisfaction in green hotels: The roles of perceived warmth, perceived competence, and CSR motive. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 42, 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.06.003

Gefen, B. D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model, 27(1), 51–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036519

Gefen, D. (2000). E-commerce: The role of familiarity and trust. Omega, 28(6), 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0483(00)00021-9

Gefen, D., E., K., & Straub, D. W. (2012). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 27(1), 51–90.

Giffin, K. (1967). The contribution of studies of source credibility to a theory of interpersonal trust in the communication process. Psychological Bulletin, 68(2), 104–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024833

Gill, A. S., Flaschner, A. B., & Shachar, M. (2006). Factors that affect the trust of business clients in their banks. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(6), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320610701726

Gokaliler, E., Alikilic, Ö., & Alikilic, İ. (2022). Trust and media: Reflection of the big five factor personality traits on COVID-19 pandemic communication. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi/26306220. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1050601

Good, D. (2000). Individuals, interpersonal relations, and trust. In G. Diego (Ed.), Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations (pp. 31–48). Department of Sociology, University of Oxford.

Gray, K. R. (1997). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity by Francis Fukuyama. International Journal on World Peace, 14(1), 8487.

Green, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(3), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7

Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Herkes, F., Leistikow, I., Verkroost, J., Vries, F., & Zijlstra, W. G. (2019). Can decision transparency increase citizen trust in regulatory agencies? evidence from a representative survey experiment. Regulation and Governance, August. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12278

Gu, J., He, R., Wu, X., Tao, J., Ye, W., & Wu, C. (2022). Analyzing risk communication, trust, risk perception, negative emotions, and behavioral coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in China using a structural equation model. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 843787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.843787

Gulati, R. (1995). Does familiarity breed trust ? The implications of repeated ties for contractual choice in alliances author (s): Ranjay Gulati source. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.104

Ha, H. (2004). Factors influencing consumer perceptions of brand trust online. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(5), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420410554412

Ha, T. M., Shakur, S., & Pham Do, K. H. (2020). Linkages among food safety risk perception, trust and information: Evidence from Hanoi consumers. Food Control, 110, 106965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106965

Hafizoğlu, F. M., & Sen, S. (2019). Understanding the influences of past experience on trust in human-agent teamwork. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 19(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3324300

Hart, P., Saunders, C., Science, S. O., Feb, N. J., Hart, P., & Saunders, C. (2016). Power and trust: Critical factors in the adoption and use of electronic data interchange. Organization Science, 8(1), 23–42.

Hasan, R., Hassan, M. K., & Rashid, M. (2019). Mediating role of trust in cash waqf donations. In Revitalization of waqf for socio-economic development, (vol. 2, pp. 293–317). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18449-0_15

Henseler, J., Fassott, G., & Chin, W. W. (2010). Handbook of partial least squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (Issue July). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8

Herzlinger, R. E. (1996). Can public trust in nonprofits and governments be restored? Harvard Business Review, 74(2), 97–107. https://hbr.org/1996/03/can-public-trust-in-nonprofits-and-governments-be-restored

Hill, C. A., & O’Hara O’Connor, E. A. (2006). A cognitive theory of trust. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1717, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.869423

Hoch, S. J., & Deighton, J. (1989). Managing what consumers learn from experience. Journal of Marketing, 53(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251410

Höddinghaus, M., Sondern, D., & Hertel, G. (2021). The automation of leadership functions: Would people trust decision algorithms? Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106635

Hosmer, L. T. (1995). Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1995.9507312923

Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7

Hult, D. (2018). Creating trust by means of legislation: A conceptual analysis and critical discussion. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 6(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2018.1434934

Ismagilova, E., Dwivedi, Y. K., Slade, E., & Williams, M. D. (2017). Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) in the marketing context: A state of the art analysis and future directions. Springer Cham.

Jaffery, A., Edwards, M. K., Loprinzi, P. D. (2018). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive function: Solomon experimental design. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0498-z

Jarvenpaa, S. L., Knoll, K., & Leidner, D. E. (1998). Is anybody out there? Antecedents of trust in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(4), 29–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1998.11518185

Johns, G. (2004). Informed giving ensuring charities inform donors. IPA Backgrounder.

Kaabachi, S., Ben Mrad, S., & Fiedler, A. (2019). The moderating effect of e-bank structure on French consumers’ trust. International Journal of Bank Marketing, (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-04-2019-0119

Karunasingha, A., & Abeysekera, N. (2022). The mediating effect of trust on consumer behavior in social media marketing environments. South Asian Journal of Marketing, 3(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJM-10-2021-0126

Keating, V. C., & Thrandardottir, E. (2017). NGOs, trust, and the accountability agenda. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(1), 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148116682655

Kee, H. W., & Knox, R. E. (1970). Conceptual and methodological considerations in the study of trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277001400307

Keeney, R. L. (1999). Value of internet commerce to the customer. Management Science, 45(4), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.4.533

Kennedy, M. S., Ferrell, L. K., & LeClair, D. T. (2001). Consumers’ trust of salesperson and manufacturer: An empirical study. Journal of Business Research, 51(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00039-9

Komiak, S. Y. X., & Benbasat, I. (2006). The effects of personalization and familiarity on trust and adoption of recommendation agents. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, 30(4), 941–960. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148760

Korsgaard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. (1995). Building commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision-making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 60–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/256728

Kumar, N., Scheer, L. K., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (1995). The effects of perceived interdependence on dealer attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(3), 348. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151986

Larzelere, R. E., & Huston, T. L. (1980). The dyadic trust scale: Toward understanding interpersonal trust in close relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(3), 595–604.

Lee, M. K. O., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227

Lee, Y., & Kozar, K. A. (2008). An empirical investigation of anti-spyware software adoption: A multitheoretical perspective. Information and Management, 45(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.01.002

Li, L., & Wang, W. (2020). The effects of online trust-building mechanisms on trust in the sharing economy: The perspective of providers. Sustainability, 12(5), 1717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051717

Lieberman, J. K. (1981). The litigious society. Basic Books.

Lim, W. M., & Weissmann, M. A. (2023). Toward a theory of behavioral control. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 31(1), 185–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2021.1890190

Lindgreen, A., Di Benedetto, C. A., Brodie, R. J., & van der Borgh, M. (2020). How to undertake great cross-disciplinary research. Industrial Marketing Management, 90(April), A1–A5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.03.025

Luhmann, N. (2000). Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations (pp. 94–107). Department of Sociology, University of Oxford. http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/papers/luhmann94-107.pdf

MacMillan, K., Money, K., Money, A., & Downing, S. (2005). Relationship marketing in the not-for-profit sector: An extension and application of the commitment–trust theory. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 806–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.08.008

Mahmud, M. S., Huang, J. Z., Salloum, S., Emara, T. Z., & Sadatdiynov, K. (2020). A survey of data partitioning and sampling methods to support big data analysis. Big Data Mining and Analytics, 3(2), 85–101.

Mal, C. I., Davies, G., & Diers-Lawson, A. (2018). Through the looking glass: The factors that influence consumer trust and distrust in brands. Psychology and Marketing, 35(12), 936–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21146

Martins, T., Braga, A., Ferreira, M. R., & Braga, V. (2023). Start today and finish yesterday: Social innovation as a contribution to the community. Global Business and Organizational Excellence. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22213

Mathavan, B., Vafaei-Zadeh, A., Hanifah, H., Ramayah, T., & Kurnia, S. (2024). Understanding the purchase intention of fitness wearables: Using value-based adoption model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(1), 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-04-2022-0166

Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.123

Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080335

McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24–59.

McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 334–359. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.3.334.81

Mcknight, D. H., Cummings, L. L., & Chervany, N. L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 473–490. http://www.jstor.org/stable/259290

Meek, G. K., Roberts, C. B., & Gray, S. J. (1995). Factors influencing voluntary annual report disclosures by U.S., U.K. and Continental European multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), 555–572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/155561

Mishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research (pp. 261–287). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243610.n13

Mishra, J., & Morrissey, M. A. (1990). Trust in employee/employer relationships: A survey of West Michigan managers. Public Personnel Management, 19(4), 443–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609001900408

Mohr, J. J., Fisher, R. J., & Nevin, J. R. (1996). Collaborative communication in interfirm relationships: Moderating effects of integration and control. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251844

Molina, C. M., & Moreno, R. R. (2014). The role of familiarity or experience in generating trust and in its impact on continued use. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2210–2219. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.278

Moore, K. (2018). Nonprofits battle growing distrust in institutions. Oregon Business. https://www.oregonbusiness.com/article/nonprofit/item/18426-nonprofits-battle-growing-distrust-in-institutions

Moorman, C., Deshpande, R., Zaltman, G., Deshpandé, R., & Zaltman, G. (1993). Factors affecting trust in market research relationships. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252059

Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252308

Moysidou, K., & Hausberg, J. P. (2020). In crowdfunding we trust: A trust-building model in lending crowdfunding. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(3), 511–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2019.1661682

Newell, W. J., Ellegaard, C., & Esbjerg, L. (2019). The effects of goodwill and competence trust on strategic information sharing in buyer–supplier relationships. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 34(2), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-02-2017-0035

Ngah, A. H., Thurasamy, R., Mohamad, M. F. H., & Din, R. (2023). A moderation and mediation model for customer revisit intention to non-Halal certified restaurants. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 16(1), 122–138. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20705948v16n1p122

Ohnesorge, J. K. M. (2005). The rule of law, economic development, and the developmental states of Northeast Asia. Law and Development in East and Southeast Asia, 1513, 91–128. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203988947

Oleszkiewicz, A., & Lachowicz-Tabaczek, K. (2016). Perceived competence and warmth influence respect, liking and trust in work relations. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 47(4), 431–435. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0050

Ooi, S. K., Ooi, C. A., Yeap, J. A. L., & Goh, T. H. (2020). Embracing Bitcoin: Users’ perceived security and trust. Quality and Quantity, (October). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01055-w

Owusu-Ansah, S. (1998). The impact of corporate attribites on the extent of mandatory disclosure and reporting by listed companies in Zimbabwe. The International Journal of Accounting, 33(5), 605–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(98)90015-2

Parasuraman, A., Zetihamil, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1998). SERVQUAL: A multiple- item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of Service Quality. J Retailing, 6(January), 12–37.

Pavlou, P. A., & Gefen, D. (2004). Building effective online marketplaces with institution- based trust. Information Systems Research, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1040.0015

Peters, R. G., Covello, V. T., & McCallum, D. B. (1997). The determinants of trust and credibility in environmental risk communication: An empirical study. Risk Analysis, 17(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00842.x

Polansky, M. (2019). Building trust in home healthcare. Nursing, 49(10), 16–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000580700.09898.05

Popelier, P., Gentile, G., & van Zimmeren, E. (2021). Bridging the gap between facts and norms: Mutual trust, the European Arrest Warrant and the rule of law in an interdisciplinary context. European Law Journal, 27(1–3), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12436

Qalati, S. A., Vela, E. G., Li, W., Dakhan, S. A., Hong Thuy, T. T., Merani, S. H., & Foroudi, P. (2021). Effects of perceived service quality, website quality, and reputation on purchase intention: The mediating and moderating roles of trust and perceived risk in online shopping. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1869363

Ratnasingham, P. (1998). Trust in web-based electronic commerce security. Information Management and Computer Security, 6(4), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/09685229810227667

Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.95

Rotter, J. B. (1971). Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. American Psychologist, 26(5), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031464

Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1998.926617

Sadi, M. A., & Al-Khalifah, A. M. (2012). Factors influencing trust in on-line shopping: A case of Saudi Arabian consumer behavior. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(5), 517. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.300.7148&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Salminen, A., Lähdesmäki, K., & Ikola-Norrbacka, R. (2012). Decent citizenship, justice and trust as cornerstones of legitimation: Tensions between generations in Finland. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(3), 447–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852312444854

Sánchez-Franco, M. J., & Roldán, J. L. (2015). The influence of familiarity, trust and norms of reciprocity on an experienced sense of community: An empirical analysis based on social online services. Behaviour and Information Technology, 34(4), 392–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.959455

Sareen, M. (2015). Perceived security as trust indicator in adoption of internet banking in a developing country. International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications, 6(3), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSITA.2015070103

Sargeant, A., Ford, J. B., & West, D. C. (2006). Perceptual determinants of nonprofit giving behavior. Journal of Business Research, 59(2), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.04.006

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2002a). Improving public trust in the voluntary sector: An empirical analysis. Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector, 7(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.168

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2002b). Individual and contextual antecedents of donor trust in the voluntary sector. Journal of Marketing Management, 18(February), 779–802. https://doi.org/10.1362/0267257022780679

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2002c). Trust in the voluntary sector: A relationship to giving. Working Paper. http://www.istr.org/resource/resmgr/working_papers_cape_town/sargeant.pdf

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2004a). Donor trust and relationship commitment in the U.K. charity sector: The impact on behavior. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764004263321

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2004b). Trust and relationship commitment in the United Kingdom voluntary sector: Determinants of donor behavior. Psychology and Marketing, 21(8), 613–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20021

Sargeant, A., & Woodliffe, L. (2007). Building donor loyalty: The antecedents and role of commitment in the context of charity giving. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 18(2), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1300/J054v18n02

Saxena, A., & Dave, M. (2019). Trust evaluation & enhancement: An apparatus to get competitive advantage. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 10, 9–10.

Saxton, J. (1995). A strong charity brand comes from strong beliefs and values. Journal of Brand Management, 2(4), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.1995.2

Sembada, A. Y., & Yeik, K. (2019). How perceived behavioral control affects trust to purchase in social media stores. Journal of Business Research, (September), 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.028

Shier, M. L., & Handy, F. (2012). Understanding online donor behavior: The role of donor characteristics, perceptions of the internet, website and program, and influence from social networks. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 17(3), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1425

Siagian, H., Tarigan, Z. J. H., Basana, S. R., & Basuki, R. (2022). The effect of perceived security, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness on consumer behavioral intention through trust in digital payment platform. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 6(3), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2022.2.010

Siegrist, M. (2021). Trust and risk perception: A critical review of the literature. Risk Analysis, 41(3), 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13325

Sitkin, S. B., & Roth, N. L. (1993). Explaining the limited effectiveness of legalistic “Remedies” for trust/distrust. Organization Science, 4(3), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.3.367

Slavin, S., & Smith, G. (2019). Taking students as they should be. Academic Medicine, 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002983

Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1989). Statistical methods (8th ed.). Iowa State University Press.

Solum, L. B. (1994). Inclusive public reason. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 75(3–4), 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1994.tb00128.x

Sondern, D., & Hertel, G. (2019). Does paying back pay off? Effects of reciprocity and economic outcomes on trust emergence in negotiations. Group Decision and Negotiation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-019-09639-0

Song, Y., & Luximon, Y. (2021). The face of trust: The effect of robot face ratio on consumer preference. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106620

Tang, H. (2019). The building of trust in client-consultant relationships and its influence on data protection in consulting. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Information Management and Management Sciences - IMMS 2019, 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357292.3357295

Theron, E. (2019). When service recovery goes wrong: The harmful effect on trust. 10th Business & Management Conference, (September), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.20472/BMC.2019.010.009

Torres-Moraga, E., Vásquez-Parraga, A. Z., & Barra, C. (2010). Antecedents of donor trust in an emerging charity sector: The role of reputation, familiarity, opportunism and communication. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 29, 159–11.

Touil, A. A., & Jabraoui, S. (2022). An effective communication strategy based on trust: The key element to adopting a Covid-19 contact tracking application. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 2(1), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.2-12

Van Deventer, M., de Klerk, N., & Bevan-Dye, A. (2017). Influence of perceived integrity and perceived system quality on Generation Y students’ perceived trust in mobile banking in South Africa. Banks and Bank Systems, 12(1), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(1-1).2017.05

Van Kersbergen, K., & Tinggaard Svendsen, G. (2022). Social trust and public digitalization. AI & SOCIETY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01570-4

Wang, L., Zhang, G., Si, S., Takanashi, C., & Zhang, H. (2019). How does multimedia word of mouth influence consumer trust, usefulness, dissemination and gender? European Journal of International Management, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2019.10014159

Wellcome Trust. (2018). Wellcome Global Monitor 2018: How does the world feel about science and health? Gallup World Poll. https://cms.wellcome.org/sites/default/files/wellcome-global-monitor-2018.pdf.

Wilson, R., & Eckel, C. (2010). Trust and social exchange. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1883751

Wilson, S. (1998). Some limitations of web of trust models. Information Management and Computer Security, 6(5), 218–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/09685229810240130

Wu, J., Yuan, M., & Kou, Y. (2020). Disadvantaged early-life experience negatively predicts prosocial behavior: The roles of honesty-humility and dispositional trust among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 152(September 2019), 109608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109608

Yan, Z. (2007). Trust management for mobile computing platforms [Helsinki University of Technology Networking Laboratory]. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCNC.2014.6785364

Zaheer, A., McEvily, B., & Perrone, V. (1998). Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance. Organization Science, 9(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.9.2.141

Zand, D. E. (1972). Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960117800300306

Zhong, L. (2022). A systematic review of personalized learning in higher education: learning content structure, learning materials sequence, and learning readiness support. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2061006

Zhou, Y., Huang, Y., McGlynn, J., & Han, A. (2017). Who will you share a ride with: Factors that influence trust of potential rideshare partners. The 6th International Workshop on Urban Computing. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1707.04284