Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
type: channel
description: ISSN 2805-4997 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC) is a scholarly, peer-reviewed journal that promotes advancement in the fields of media and communication theory and research. It provides a platform for current debates, critique, and analysis in the field of media, research, and communication to stimulate contemporary discussions on pressing media issues. The focus is primarily on research, practice, policy, theory, and application in media and communication. The journal’s key purpose is to provide a platform for researchers and practitioners to publish and access up-to-date, comprehensive, and important research work on communication and its related fields. The journal aims to contribute to the development of integrated and diverse forms of research by linking aspects of media practice, theory, media literacy, and policy. Scope of the Journal: The journal covers a wide range of subjects related to media and communication, such as film and broadcasting, mass communication, human communication, digital media, visual communication, media policies, communication and culture, journalism, public relations, advertising, and branding. JCIMC also adopts a multidisciplinary approach to highlighting debates related to contemporary issues in society and the media industry. Target Readers: Academics, researchers, students, policymakers, media practitioners in journalism, broadcasting, public relations, advertising, and other media and communication professionals.
publisher: Pusat Pengajian Komunikasi
language: en
publication name: Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
issn: 2805-4997
items: Social Media Use and Acculturation among International Students in Xi'an: A Pilot Study Based on the Uses and Gratifications Framework
items: Media Events, Digitalization and Criticism – A Communication Studies View of the 2022 FIFA World Cup
items: Examining the Role of Islamic Communication Ethics, Digital Literacy, and Cross-Cultural Communication Competence in Shaping Global Talent Development in the Digital Era
items: Physician-Patient Communication from an Intercultural Perspective: An Exploratory Study in the United Arab Emirates
items: Hijabers and Nightclub Culture: Cultural Adaptation within the Nolja Gang Community in Indonesia
items: Social Media Intervention to Improve University Students’ Well-Being: A Self-Determination Approach
items: Tingkah Laku dan Impak Penggunaan Tiktok dalam Kalangan Belia di Lawas: Satu Tinjauan Berdasarkan Teori Tingkah Laku Terancang
items: Media’s Framing of The Richard Huckle Case: Unveiling Media Portrayals of Sexual Violence in Malaysia
items: Sexting and Displacement of Pride in a Contemporary Digitised World
items: Speak Up: Effective Communication Strategies in Domestic Violence Crises in Kazakhstan
items: Framing of Renewable Energies in Indonesian Media
items: Unsur Mitologi dalam Filem: Pesona Dain Said sebagai Auteur
items: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Business Communication
items: Kontroversi penukaran agama unilateral: Pembingkaian berita The Star dan Malaysiakini
items: Health Communication Practice among Rural Communities In Sabah, Malaysia: Issues of Literacy, Accessibility and Availability and Communication Approach
items: Pola Tabiat Penggunaan Spotify Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Universiti
items: Usage of Social Media To Engage With Malaysian Youths Concerning Road Safety Awareness
items: Faktor Kepercayaan dan Sikap Terhadap Periklanan Kosmetik di Facebook dan Hubungannya Terhadap Niat Pembelian
items: The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic News Coverage on New Normal Tourism in Indonesia
items: Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, Friends, and Social Media that Influence The Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) Students in Accepting K-Pop Culture
items: Political Internet Memes in Indonesia: Insulting the President in the 2019 Presidential Election Adi Bayu
items: International Tourists Visiting Experiences in Malaysia as Revealed by Travel Bloggers: An Analysis of Travel Blogs Using Tri-component Model of Destination Image
items: Family Communication Patterns and Conflict Management Styles in an Animated Film (An evaluation of the film Mitchells vs. the Machines)
items: Reinforcing or Resisting? A Study on the Influence of Internet Memes on Sexism Among University Students in Penang
items: Tinjauan Awal Penerimaan Pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah Terhadap Radio Kampus UMS

Social Media Use and Acculturation among International Students in Xi'an: A Pilot Study Based on the Uses and Gratifications Framework
type: item
description: With the growing internationalization of Chinese higher education, the cultural adaptation of international students has become an increasingly relevant topic. Social media plays a vital role in their daily lives, facilitating information access, social interaction, and emotional support. Grounded in the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) framework and acculturation theory, this pilot study conducts a descriptive statistical analysis (n = 40) of international students in Xi'an, focusing on their motivations for social media use, intergroup contact, perceived social support, and acculturation outcomes. Results indicate that students tend to use social media in a strategic and instrumental manner, primarily to access localized information and connect with peers. While online cross-cultural interaction is relatively frequent, a sense of belonging remains limited. Social media proves effective for informational support but less so for emotional reassurance or practical intervention. Furthermore, findings suggest a Behavioural–psychological adaptation gap, where surface-level adjustment precedes deeper cultural integration. The study highlights the selective role of social media in the acculturation process and calls for more comprehensive, emotionally responsive support systems in higher education institutions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: 93daijun0827 Zhu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 45
ending page: 63

Media Events, Digitalization and Criticism – A Communication Studies View of the 2022 FIFA World Cup
type: item
description: Cup and the Olympic Games, highlighting their lasting significance in communication studies. These events are seen as major social occasions that create public spaces where diverse groups converge, promoting social integration and cultural identity through shared values. They act as ritualized "high holy days of communication," fostering communal experiences that strengthen societal bonds. The rise of digital media has significantly transformed how these events are produced, distributed, and economically structured. Digitalization has broadened opportunities for public participation and extended engagement beyond the events themselves, enhancing the worldwide visibility of sport and reinforcing its dual role as a cultural phenomenon and economic force. The escalating costs of media rights have empowered international sports federations, affecting athlete pay and enabling detailed coverage across emerging formats and channels. Sporting mega-events are thus not only entertainment but also reflections of wider social dynamics, including neoliberal ideals centered on competition. They connect individuals globally through shared symbolic participation, reflecting sociological concepts of the sacred and communal ritual. Additionally, the text highlights changing journalistic practices and the tension between using sport for commercial or political ends versus its potential as a venue for protest and social critique in the digital age.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Joerg Uwe Nieland Nieland
creator: Rainer Winter
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 82

Examining the Role of Islamic Communication Ethics, Digital Literacy, and Cross-Cultural Communication Competence in Shaping Global Talent Development in the Digital Era
type: item
description: This study examines the role of Islamic Communication Ethics, Digital Literacy, and Cross-Cultural Communication Competence in shaping Global Talent Development in the digital era, focusing on Nigeria and Malaysia. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from 500 respondents using a structured questionnaire. SmartPLS was used for data analysis. The results demonstrated that Cross-Cultural Communication Competence had a strong and significant positive effect on Global Talent Development (? = 0.849, p < 0.001), highlighting the importance of cultural adaptability in preparing individuals for success in a globalised workforce. Digital Literacy showed a significant but negative relationship (? = -0.099, p = 0.009), suggesting that technical skills alone may not translate directly into talent growth unless integrated with soft skills and cultural awareness. Islamic Communication Ethics had a positive but statistically insignificant effect (? = 0.082, p = 0.106), indicating that its influence may be more indirect or context-dependent. These findings underscore the need for an integrated approach to talent development that combines cultural competence, digital literacy, and ethical Communication. For Nigeria and Malaysia, universities, organisations, and policymakers should focus on cross-cultural training, ethics-based professional development, and aligning digital skills with global workplace requirements. By adopting such a holistic strategy, both nations can better prepare their workforce to thrive in the competitive, interconnected, and ethically complex global economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: QARIBU YAHAYA NASIDI
creator: Ahmed Abubakar
creator: Musa Alhassan
creator: Isyaku Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 23

Physician-Patient Communication from an Intercultural Perspective: An Exploratory Study in the United Arab Emirates
type: item
description: The objective of the study is to explore physician-patient communication in an intercultural context —the United Arab Emirates —through the experiences of physicians. The United Arab Emirates is among the most diverse populations globally. Intercultural communication competence is highly valued in diverse environments, and it is particularly significant in professions such as health care. The study aims to assess the intercultural competence skills of physicians through their encounters. To explore this, semi-structured interviews with physicians living and working in the United Arab Emirates are carried out. The findings of the qualitative study conclude that language is seen as either an obstacle or a facilitator. The importance of nonverbal language, the role of interpreters, and Google Translate have been highlighted in overcoming the language barrier. Language is considered a barrier because it blocks the passing of emotions. Experience in the medical field has been mentioned as an advantage for overcoming communication barriers. Knowledge about the cultural background is one of the dimensions that guides physicians in how to communicate. Other dimensions are the personality of the patient, age, and education. The physicians mentioned that they are aware of the sensitive issues and can easily modify their communication. Trust plays a crucial role in physician–patient communication. Physicians generally perceive themselves as good communicators, a quality considered particularly important in the UAE. Key aspects emphasized include listening, providing follow-up, and being accessible, with language identified as one of the most essential communication skills.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: patient communication; physician communication; intercultural communication; culture; UAE.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tevhide Serra Gorpe
creator: Burcu Oksuz
creator: Hilda Allam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 24
ending page: 44

Hijabers and Nightclub Culture: Cultural Adaptation within the Nolja Gang Community in Indonesia
type: item
description: The study explores the phenomenon of cultural adaptation among hijab-wearing Muslim women (hijabers) within the Nolja Gang community, an Indonesian subculture that embraces K-Pop and K-HipHop fandoms and regularly engages in social activities, such as nightclubs events. This context presents a unique cultural contradiction, as nightclubs are often perceived as incompatible with the traditional values upheld by hijabers. Using Kim’s Cultural Adaptation Theory (2001), this study examines the adaptation process experienced by hijabers across five stages: pre-contact, culture shock, initial adjustment, acculturation, and internalization. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, the study gathered data through in-depth interviews and six months of participant observation with four hijaber members of Nolja Gang who come from conservative and religious backgrounds. The analysis revealed that hijabers undergo significant personal negotiation while integrating into the community. They experience initial discomfort and cultural tension, particularly regarding dress norms and nightclub behavior. Over time, however, they adapt through observation, while preserving aspects of their original identity. The findings demonstrate that the adaptation process does not lead to full assimilation but rather the formation of a hybrid identity. Hijabers actively construct their place in the subculture by balancing self-expression and religious values, ultimately reshaping social norms within the group. There are three main negotiation factors, which are cultural negotiation, globalization and space identity. This study contributes to intercultural communication and identity studies by highlighting how individuals navigate globalized subcultures. It also underscores the complexity of identity formation and adaptation in multicultural environments, providing valuable insights for understanding cultural negotiation in youth-driven global communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hijabers
  topic: keywords
subject: Nolja Gang
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity Negotiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Intercultural Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: Subculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Idola Perdini Putri
creator: Naufal Ghani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 20
ending page: 39

Social Media Intervention to Improve University Students’ Well-Being: A Self-Determination Approach
type: item
description: The debate on the effect of social media use on students’ psychological well-being has attracted much attention and interest around the development of social media interventions in higher education. This study investigated university students’ interactions with social media and its effect on their well-being. An intervention was designed to support and improve students’ well-being. Guided by Ryan and Deci’s (2000) Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study aimed to assess associations between social media use and individuals’ intrinsic motivation and psychological needs in the academic context. A focus-group qualitative approach was used to collect data among university students and explore the relationship between social media use and the way they cope with stress in their first year of undergraduate study. Results showed high social media use among students who experienced stress, but the effect of social media on students’ well-being varies between their psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The study combined SDT and basic psychological needs to address the issue. We conclude that individual differences play an important role in social media use. This study used inductive coding approaches and offered a comprehensive approach to conceptualise students’ social media use and well-being. We propose theoretically grounded design features that can identify stressors among students, reflect their psychological needs, and propose strategies that can be used to cope with social media. Many current educational policies and practices fail to recognise the importance of psychological needs satisfaction in learning contexts, despite substantial evidence, and therefore create a gap that this study aims to close. This study proves that individuals’ consumption of social media does not solely justify their stressors and the effects on their well-being, but the autonomous form of motivations for specific social media use and psychological needs matter.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Media Use
  topic: keywords
subject: Well Being
  topic: keywords
subject: Intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Determination Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Stress Coping
  topic: keywords
creator: Ik Ying Ngu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 64
ending page: 81

Tingkah Laku dan Impak Penggunaan Tiktok dalam Kalangan Belia di Lawas: Satu Tinjauan Berdasarkan Teori Tingkah Laku Terancang
type: item
description: Globalisasi dan pendigitalan telah membawa perubahan kepada medium media berasaskan Internet. Pelbagai medium media sosial telah muncul seperti Facebook, Instagram, X, Lemon8, dan TikTok. Ini telah menjadikan media sosial sebagai sebuah medium yang paling kerap diakses oleh pengguna. Aplikasi TikTok telah muncul sebagai salah satu platform media sosial yang paling dominan dalam kalangan belia di seluruh dunia, termasuk di kawasan luar bandar seperti Lawas, Sarawak. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai corak penggunaan, impak serta kecenderungan tingkah laku pengguna TikTok dalam kalangan belia di Lawas. Kerangka Teori Tingkah Laku Terancang (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) digunakan sebagai asas utama dalam kajian ini. Teori ini telah diasaskan oleh Ajzen. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Seramai 226 responden yang berumur antara 15 hingga 40 tahun yang dipilih secara rawak melalui borang soal selidik dalam talian. Data yang dikumpulkan dari kutipan data diproses menggunakan SPSS. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa majoriti belia menggunakan TikTok dengan kekerapan yang tinggi. Penggunaan aplikasi ini didapati memberi kesan yang ketara terhadap masa pembelajaran, hubungan sosial, norma subjektif dan kawalan tingkah laku yang dirasakan turut memainkan peranan penting dalam mempengaruhi niat serta perlakuan pengguna terhadap aplikasi tersebut. Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa walaupun TikTok menawarkan ruang luas kepada ekspresi diri, hiburan dan pembangunan kreativiti, penggunaannya yang berlebihan berpotensi mendatangkan kesan negatif jika tidak dikawal. Oleh itu, peningkatan penggunaan TikTok dalam kalangan belia kekal positif, seimbang dan memberi manfaat kepada pembangunan diri serta kesejahteraan sosial belia. Secara tidak langsung, TikTok telah membawa perubahan sosial dalam kalangan generasi belia secara umumnya dan spesifik di Lawas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TikTok
  topic: keywords
subject: Tingkahlaku
  topic: keywords
subject: TPB
  topic: keywords
subject: Lawas
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Baharu
  topic: keywords
creator: Intan Soliha Ibrahim
creator: Elyanna Takung Peter
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 82
ending page: 104

Media’s Framing of The Richard Huckle Case: Unveiling Media Portrayals of Sexual Violence in Malaysia
type: item
description: Media coverage plays a dual role in society, as it can both inform and reinforce stigmatizing attitudes on particular issues or situations. Our findings suggest that even negative media coverage could have some advantages, particularly compared to no coverage at all, as it might increase awareness of sexual violence amongst members of society. Anchoring on the case of Richard Huckle, a British pedophile who was arrested and convicted of sexually abusing children in Malaysia, the current study used content and textual analysis to analyse and examine the media coverage of Huckle’s stories (n=64) published in The Star and Malay Mail from 2016 to 2022. Using framing theory, the researchers identified the awareness for the public frame as the most frequently used, followed by methods in prevention, initiator or offender, death of the offender, judiciary and victim's story, which is the least news frame utilised in Richard Huckle’s case articles. The study also determined the news settings and frequency that both Malaysian newspapers used in reporting the case of Huckle and examined the extent of the media in dramatising the portrayal of the case. The authors elaborated using Goffman's dramaturgical approach to help understand that media coverage of pedophilia is not a mere reflection of reality but a constructed narrative whereby it focuses on how social actors such as the offender, victim, police, media are cast into roles, what "performance" the newspaper is staging for its audience and what backstage dynamics (e.g., editorial bias or institutional agendas) may influence the front-stage narrative. By analysing selection, framing, characterisation, contextualisation, and the use of visual and auditory cues, the audience and researchers can better appreciate the complex interplay between media, crime, and societal attitudes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sexual Violence
  topic: keywords
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Media Coverage
  topic: keywords
subject: Content Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Framing
  topic: keywords
creator: Sharon wilson
creator: Shiang Shiang Lim
creator: Hui Shan Yap
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 40
ending page: 63

Sexting and Displacement of Pride in a Contemporary Digitised World
type: item
description: This study focuses on the impact of sexting on the sense of pride among digital technology users who communicate virtually anything with their digital devices such as the mobile phones, laptop or tablets. Interactions across digital platforms involve the exchange of pictures, videos and messages generally referred to as “sexts.” The researchers relied on secondary data sources and identified both positive and negative dimensions of sexting. Findings of the study demonstrated that sexting affects individuals’ sense of pride through vulnerability, exposure, objectification, unrealistic expectations, regret and shame. However, some positive outcomes of sexting are affirmation and exploration of one’s sexuality, self-expression, intimacy as well as connections between partners involved in such communications. On the other hand, the researchers noted glaring negative effects prominent of which is the issue of diminishing self-esteem particularly when sexting is non-consensual. The coercion to sext can lead to feelings of powerlessness especially among those categorised as “victims” of the act. Gender and social dynamics also play a significant role in sexting. The researchers concluded that there is a correlation between digital communication and personal identity as acts such as sexting conducted in digital space can have dire consequences for an individual’s sense of pride or self-esteem. It is, therefore, recommended, among several others, that digital literacy and education be promoted among young persons to teach them about risks and responsibilities associated with sexting in the digital age.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Natives
  topic: keywords
subject: Netizens
  topic: keywords
subject: Pride
  topic: keywords
subject: Sexting
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Media
  topic: keywords
creator: Kelvin Inobemhe
creator: Momoh Usman
creator: Oluwatobi Modeyin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 19

Speak Up: Effective Communication Strategies in Domestic Violence Crises in Kazakhstan
type: item
description: This study analyzed how social media creates challenges and opportunities for individuals in crisis situations. This study used a case study approach to examine domestic violence crises. The former Minister of Economy and Assistant to ex-President Nazarbayev Quandyq Bishimbaev was detained in Kazakhstan and is suspected of murdering his wife Saltanat Nukenova. This incident attracted unprecedented media attention and resonance created by the status of the official and the scale of his figure. In connection with the death of Saltanat Nukenova, young Kazakh women launched a flash mob, “Tired of Enduring,” on social networks, where they presented themselves as victims of domestic violence.Thousands of women in Kazakhstan suffer from beatings every day, from rape and humiliation, and no one shouts about it - because they are deprived of status and access to publicity. Culture influences how stakeholders perceive and respond to a crisis. Crises have far-reaching consequences. Social media has changed the way crisis information is created and shared. In the digital age, news about a crisis is no longer monopolized by the dominant media; instead, it can spread across social media and reach a large audience almost instantly. The study aimed to highlight the importance of effective use of social media, especially the role of influential bloggers, by understanding cultural nuances to engage stakeholders in Kazakhstan during crises.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: domestic violence; social media; legislation on domestic violence; effective communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Aigerim Alzhanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 22

Framing of Renewable Energies in Indonesian Media
type: item
description: Many countris are turning to renewable energies as a result of the global problem of air pollution brought on by emissions from fossil fuels. The utilization of renewable energy as a remedy for climate change problems is covered by the media but earlier studies showed ongoing controversy over media coverage of renewable energies. The purpose of this study is to determine how renewable energy is framed in the media. What kinds of renewable energy get the most attention from the media, and is there any difference in how they are framed in old and new media? Entman's framing concept—which includes "problems versus benefits," "the cause or reasons," "treatment recommendation," and "moral evaluation"—was used to conduct the quantitative content analysis. Using Google Search, articles from 2019 to 2022 were gathered. The findings indicate that there is no difference in framing between old and new media, with "problems-benefits" and "treatment recommendation" emerging as the most prevalent frames. The most frequently cited forms of renewable energies are hydropower and geothermal, and the media reports renewable energies more favorably than fossil fuels.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Morissan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 45

Unsur Mitologi dalam Filem: Pesona Dain Said sebagai Auteur
type: item
description: Artikel ini memajukan idea mengenai Dain Said sebagai pengarah auteur dengan melihat kepada tiga aspek iaitu teknik, gaya peribadi (personal style), dan makna dalaman (interior meaning) sebagaimana dibincang oleh Andrew Sarris. Dari sudut teknik, Dain Said memahami proses menyampaikan cerita melalui penggunaan teknik kamera serta mise-en-scene yang mempengaruhi keseluruhan penceritaan. Dari sudut gaya peribadi, artikel ini menghujahkan bahawa Dain Said menggunakan mitologi sebagai tema utama yang melatari hampir semua filem arahannya. Dari sudut makna dalaman, artikel ini juga akan membuktikan bahawa terdapat pertentangan utama dari sudut artistik dan keperluan komersial yang ingin dicapai. Berdasarkan hujah dan perbincangan dari tiga aspek ini, artikel ini menghujahkan bahawa genre, gaya pengarahan, dan tema yang dipaparkan dalam filem-filem Dain Said berupaya menobatkan beliau sebagai pengarah berstatus auteur.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dain Said
  topic: keywords
subject: auteur
  topic: keywords
subject: mitologi
  topic: keywords
creator: Irfan Shaharuddin
creator: Mahyuddin Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 46
ending page: 77

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Business Communication
type: item
description: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in business communication has revolutionized how organizations interact with customers and manage internal communications. However, this transformation is accompanied by significant ethical and practical challenges, including concerns about data privacy, biases in AI-generated content, and the potential erosion of authentic human interactions. This paper identifies key research gaps in the current understanding of AI's impact on business communication, particularly in addressing the complexities of AI bias, the need for robust oversight mechanisms, and the ethical considerations in preserving human-centric communication. Future research is recommended to focus on developing advanced frameworks for bias detection and mitigation in AI systems, strategies to balance AI efficiency with the maintenance of personal connections, and the creation of genuine corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices that integrate AI ethics deeply into organizational processes. Additionally, exploring the broader implications of AI on the meaningfulness of work is crucial to ensure that AI advancements do not undermine the intrinsic value of human labour. Through addressing these research areas, businesses can better navigate the complexities of AI in communication and foster more ethical, effective, and human-centered organizational practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Yugeetha Balan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 78
ending page: 105

Kontroversi penukaran agama unilateral: Pembingkaian berita The Star dan Malaysiakini
type: item
description: Negara Malaysia adalah sebuah negara yang terdiri daripada berbilang kaum dan agama. Hal ini menyebabkan negara tidak pernah lari daripada isu-isu konflik yang melibatkan kaum dan agama. Konflik yang berlaku ini semakin meruncing dengan adanya media massa yang turut memainkan peranan dalam melaporkan dan membingkaikan sesuatu isu itu. Portal berita yang semakin banyak digunakan di Malaysia menambah lagi wacana yang berlaku di portal berita. Masyarakat kini lebih banyak menggunakan portal berita memandangkan ia lebih cepat dan mudah untuk diakses. Dalam kajian ini, kajian kes yang dipilih untuk dikaji adalah isu penukaran agama unilateral anak-anak kepada Loh Siew Hong yang rancak dibincangkan di media Malaysia. Sangat signifikan untuk dilakukan kajian bagaimana portal berita arus perdana dan alternatif membingkai isu ini memandangkan ia melibatkan isu sensitif lebih-lebih di sebuah negara yang majoritinya Islam. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis kandungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif, kajian ini mendapati portal berita The Star Online dan Malaysiakini membingkai isu ini dengan menggunakan bingkai minat manusia dan konflik dengan lebih dominan. Walaupun kedua-dua portal berita ini menggunakan bingkai yang sama, namun cara pelaporan kedua-dua portal berita berlainan dan terdapat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaporan ini yang telah dibincangkan dalam kajian ini.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pembingkaian berita
  topic: keywords
subject: portal berita
  topic: keywords
subject: penukaran agama
  topic: keywords
subject: unilateral
  topic: keywords
subject: media Malaysia
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Raqib Mohd Sofian
creator: Nurul Amalia Mohd Azmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2023-12-29
publication date: 2023-12-29
starting page: 48
ending page: 79

Health Communication Practice among Rural Communities In Sabah, Malaysia: Issues of Literacy, Accessibility and Availability and Communication Approach
type: item
description: This paper seeks to highlight the need to improve the communication approaches taken by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, to uplift the health literacy rate among rural communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social ability of people to gain access to health information so as to make informed decisions concerning their health. However, a study on health literacy conducted in four districts in Sabah, namely Nabawan, Ranau, Beaufort and Kota Belud, found that several factors hampered the access of the rural communities to health information, hence, contributing to their lack of awareness about health and healthcare. Based on in-depth interviews with 42 informants from the four districts, the study found that the rural communities faced various factors, such as poverty, media literacy and limited media access, which prevented them from obtaining health information and achieve health literacy. Their only source of health information was through consultations with doctors whenever they or their family members were sick. The informants said that they found public health talks to be most helpful for them to learn about diseases because these were interactive, and also aided those who were illiterate and had no television sets in their homes. They expressed the hope that more talks would be given regularly about chronic diseases, which many of them were already suffering from. This study suggests that Health Departments intensify their outreach through health education programmes based on interpersonal communication, rather than through the use of social media, to increase the health literacy rate among rural communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: health literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: rural
  topic: keywords
subject: Sabah
  topic: keywords
subject: doctor-patient communication
  topic: keywords
subject: health communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Haryati Abdul Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2023-12-29
publication date: 2023-12-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 28

Pola Tabiat Penggunaan Spotify Dalam Kalangan Pelajar Universiti
type: item
description: Penggunaan muzik dalam kalangan masyarakat mengalami perubahan apabila radio bukan lagi menjadi satu-satunya medium yang menawarkan perkhidmatan muzik kepada pelanggannya. Kemunculan Podcast yang dibawa oleh platform Spotify pada tahun 2006 dikatakan sebagai gangguan kepada industri radio. Namun, andaian tersebut ternyata tidak benar apabila Spotify telah menerima kritikan selepas mengubah modus operandi perniagaannya. Di sebalik kritikan tersebut, senario penggunaan Spotify di Malaysia mula rancak pada tahun 2019. Oleh itu kajian ini meneroka penggunaan Spotify dalam kalangan pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Pendekatan kuantitatif digunakan dalam kajian ini menerusi penggunaan servei. Dapatan kajian melibatkan seramai 375 responden menunjukkan 100% penggunaan perisian tersebut. Majoriti pengguna bersetuju bahawa Spotify digunakan untuk menenangkan fikiran.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Podcast
  topic: keywords
subject: Spotify
  topic: keywords
subject: penggunaan media baharu
  topic: keywords
subject: pandemik
  topic: keywords
creator: Intan Soliha Ibrahim
creator: Cynthia Debra Jenuwin
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2023-12-29
publication date: 2023-12-29
starting page: 29
ending page: 47

Usage of Social Media To Engage With Malaysian Youths Concerning Road Safety Awareness
type: item
description: Changing the behaviour of road users to safer drivers is a topic of great interest to researchers and policy makers. Behavioural economics asserts that behavioural decisions are based on heuristics or shortcuts rather than logical rationality due to various constraints. Nudging theory recognises that heuristic thinking is widespread and proposes to trigger the desired behaviour change with minimal visual and linguistic means. This study therefore focused on identifying specific types of nudges that can increase the salience and value of safe driving behaviour among young citizens in Malaysia aged 17 to 25. A preliminary thematic analysis using focus group discussions resulted in three main themes, namely family concern, positive affection for speed, and overconfidence. Positive affection was reinterpreted as a negative consequence and the final theme was overconfidence. Based on the three themes, relevant visual stimuli were created and tested in an online Facebook group experiment with 337 participants (N=337) in a pre-post-test design. Participants were asked to complete a safe driving attitude test at baseline and after three weeks. During this time, the three experimental groups were exposed to the visual stimuli via Facebook discussion. Results showed that concern for family was most significant, followed by overconfidence. Reframing was not significant. The results provide important information that can be used to prepare road safety campaigns that can produce positive behavioural changes related to safe driving.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Road safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Nudging
  topic: keywords
subject: Young citizen
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Facebook
  topic: keywords
creator: Santhidran Sinnappan
creator: Giuseppe Alessandro Veltri
creator: Lunt Peter
creator: Thinavan Periyayya
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2023-12-29
publication date: 2023-12-29
starting page: 80
ending page: 106

Faktor Kepercayaan dan Sikap Terhadap Periklanan Kosmetik di Facebook dan Hubungannya Terhadap Niat Pembelian
type: item
description: Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti faktor kepercayaan mahasiswa-mahasiswi Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) terhadap iklan kosmetik di Facebook, menilai hubungan antara faktor kepercayaan dengan sikap mahasiswa terhadap iklan produk kosmetik di Facebook serta hubungan antara sikap dengan niat pembelian produk kosmetik. Skop kajian berfokuskan mahasiswa-mahasiswi USM yang merupakan pengguna kosmetik dan berusia kurang daripada 20 tahun, 20-25 tahun serta melebihi 25 tahun. Perspektif teoretikal yang diguna pakai dalam kajian ini ialah Teori Tindakan Bersebab (TRA). Kaedah tinjauan dalam kajian ini menggunakan borang soal selidik atas talian berbentuk Google Form untuk mengumpul data daripada 80 orang responden menerusi teknik persampelan bertujuan, iaitu kaedah persampelan berantai. Hasil kajian mendapati faktor memberi informasi produk sebagai faktor kepercayaan mahasiswa terhadap iklan kosmetik di Facebook yang mencapai tahap kepercayaan paling tinggi. Analisis statistik korelasi menunjukkan kewujudan hubungan signifikan dan positif antara semua faktor kepercayaan yang dikaji (faktor memberi informasi produk, faktor keseronokan/hedonik, faktor kebolehpercayaan serta faktor imej dan peranan sosial) melainkan faktor kebendaan. Selain itu, sikap mahasiswa terhadap iklan kosmetik di Facebook juga memaparkan hubungan yang signifikan dan positif dengan niat pembelian produk kosmetik.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Faktor kepercayaan
  topic: keywords
subject: Facebook
  topic: keywords
subject: Sikap
  topic: keywords
subject: Niat Pembelian
  topic: keywords
subject: Iklan Produk Kosmetik
  topic: keywords
creator: Joan Chang Gim Foong
creator: Dr. Nurzali Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-12-31
publication date: 2022-12-31
starting page: 82
ending page: 104

The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic News Coverage on New Normal Tourism in Indonesia
type: item
description: Along with the recent decline in the number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, people's mobility has begun to increase, including traveling. This study highlights the effect of COVID-19 pandemic news coverage on the public's intention to travel during the pandemic by implementing health protocols, known as new normal tourism, as a behavior to protect health based on individual perceptions of their risk of being infected with COVID-19. Referring to the frameworks of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examines the effect of COVID-19 risk perception on behavioral intention toward new normal tourism. An online questionnaire using Google Forms was distributed in Jakarta from April 18 – 21, 2021, and data from 483 respondents were used for analysis. The findings show that affective risk perception is a significant predictor of attitude, while cognitive risk perception has a positive influence on subjective norms. Despite the fact that both cognitive and affective risk perceptions have a considerable impact on behavioral intention, affective risk perception has a negative influence, which contradicts the initial hypothesis. Subjective norms mediated the relationship between cognitive perception and behavioral intention, whereas attitude was a significant mediator between affective risk perception and behavioral intention. The hypothesized relationships were partially mediated by gender and marital status. This study has important and insightful implications for tourism practitioners who would be asked to prepare the post-corona field for a new normal following the pandemic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Morissan Morissan
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-12-30
publication date: 2022-12-30

Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, Friends, and Social Media that Influence The Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) Students in Accepting K-Pop Culture
type: item
description: Korean pop, also known as K-pop, has become a phenomenon widely spread worldwide as a part of entertainment and culture. Youths have readily accepted K-pop culture to the point that people take it as their cultural identity. This has happened worldwide, and Malaysia is no exception. Hence, the fear of them losing their own culture as they accept K-pop culture in their life might cause cultural identity within themselves. Therefore, this research analyses the factors that influence the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris undergraduates' acceptance of K-pop culture using Cultural Identity. This study uses quantitative methods, and the survey was distributed through social media platforms such as email, Telegram, and WhatsApp. Using a simple random sampling method, 414 respondents were collected from undergraduates from Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris students and analysed using a software called SPSS. The analysis shows a high correlation between two factors that influence a K-pop fan and the level of acceptance of K-pop culture. The correlation coefficient results are 0.778 for the attitude factor and 0.779 for the social media factor. Both indicate that the strength of the relationships is high. The research finding shows that cultural identity happens when youth are influenced by external and internal factors, especially social media. This study contributes to the development of cultural identity theory and as an awareness to society on how K-pop culture may lead to a person having a crisis in their cultural identity. Hence, this study can be utilised by stakeholders to take action on encouraging Malaysians to accept their own culture using the same factor as how K-pop culture is being influenced among the youth. This also can be used for future researchers to conduct higher empirical research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: K-Pop
  topic: keywords
subject: Korean Pop Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Cultural Identity;
  topic: keywords
subject: Acceptance
  topic: keywords
subject: University Student
  topic: keywords
creator: KAMARUZZAMAN ABDUL MANAN
creator: Nurul Diyana Kamarolzaman
creator: Nur Hafza Mohd. Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-12-31
publication date: 2022-12-31
starting page: 58
ending page: 81

The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic News Coverage on New Normal Tourism in Indonesia
type: item
description: Along with the recent decline in the number of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia, people's mobility has begun to increase, including traveling. This study highlights the effect of Covid-19 pandemic news coverage on the public's intention to travel during the pandemic by implementing health protocols, known as new normal tourism, as a behavior to protect health based on individual perceptions of their risk of being infected with Covid-19. Referring to the frameworks of the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior, this study examines the effect of COVID-19 risk perception on behavioral intention towards new normal tourism. An online questionnaire using Google Form was distributed in Jakarta from April 18 – 21, 2021, and data from 483 respondents were used for analysis. The findings show that affective risk perception is a significant predictor of attitude, while cognitive risk perception has a positive influence on subjective norms. Despite the fact that both cognitive and affective risk perceptions have a considerable impact on behavioral intention, affective risk perception has a negative influence, which contradicts the initial hypothesis. Subjective norms mediated the relationship between cognitive perception and behavioral intention, whereas attitude was found to be a significant mediator between affective risk perception and behavioral intention. The hypothesized relationships were partially mediated by gender and marital status. This study has important and insightful implications for tourism practitioners who would be asked to prepare the post-corona field for a new normal following the pandemic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Risk Perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: New Normal
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Pandemic
  topic: keywords
creator: Morissan Morissan
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-12-30
publication date: 2022-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 26

Political Internet Memes in Indonesia: Insulting the President in the 2019 Presidential Election Adi Bayu
type: item
description: This article analyses the discourse of internet memes 'Jokowi planga-plongo' that mocked and insulted the President in the 2019 Indonesian presidential election. These insults and mockery toward the president were severe that it urged the government to issue an article regarding the insult to the president and his vice. We collected 'Jokowi planga-plongo' memes during the 2019 presidential election campaign. We analyse qualitatively with the social semiotics analysis assisted by the internet meme theory and bisociation theory. We found that Indonesians use abusive and non-abusive memes to insult the President. The non-abusive insulting memes created without a harsh and abusive words can sneak from the EIT law. Besides, it was also found that the non-abusive memes are more in quantity than the abusive ones to avoid the law violation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Political Internet Memes
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesian Presidential Election
  topic: keywords
subject: Insult The President
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet Memes Studies
  topic: keywords
creator: ADI BAYU MAHADIAN
creator: Rohani Hashim
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-12-31
publication date: 2022-12-31
starting page: 27
ending page: 57

International Tourists Visiting Experiences in Malaysia as Revealed by Travel Bloggers: An Analysis of Travel Blogs Using Tri-component Model of Destination Image
type: item
description: There are numerous travel blogs available for travel bloggers to share their travel experiences with others. Tourists’ feedback in personal blogs have become an important source for acquiring travel information. Evidence shows, however, there is not much research done on the feedback of tourists visiting Malaysia. Therefore, the role of travel bloggers’ feedback in attracting prospective tourists’ attention and how it influenced their decisions to visit Malaysia, became an interesting research question. Based on 50 travel blogs written personally by foreign tourists about Malaysia, an analysis was done specifically to the blog’s content: How the authors perceived Malaysia as a tourist destination and how they motivated prospective tourists were examined to mitigate the above-mentioned gap. In analyzing the text, the Tri-component Model of Destination Image is employed. Results showed that the travel blogs’ content provided detailed, rich and relevant data which included the profiling of the travel bloggers (i.e. visitors of Malaysia), information about their experiences and expectations within their comments. Results showed that the first-hand experience of travel bloggers as depicted in their blogs is a representative of the real thoughts and feelings of tourists, and their positive feedback affected behavioral intentions of potential visitors to visit Malaysia as well as motivated experienced visitors to re-visit the country. By curating positive reviews, Malaysia’s tourism can leverage travel blogs to build positive destination image awareness and increased destination loyalty. The study confirmed that the Tri-component Model of Destination Image is relevant to measure the influence of travel bloggers in motivating prospect visitors to a destination. This paper presented empirical findings on the importance of travel blogs’ for tourism destination image in Malaysia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourist Feedback
  topic: keywords
subject: Travel Blog
  topic: keywords
subject: Online Travel Review
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaysia Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Travel Destination Image
  topic: keywords
creator: Rohani Hashim
creator: Bahiyah Omar
creator: Hosam Al-Samarraie
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-01-31
publication date: 2022-01-31
starting page: 048
ending page: 074

Family Communication Patterns and Conflict Management Styles in an Animated Film (An evaluation of the film Mitchells vs. the Machines)
type: item
description: This study explores the concept of family communication patterns, conflict management styles in the context of an animated film (The Case of The Mitchells vs. the Machines). A self-administered questionnaire was used by the researchers. We assessed the family communication patterns and conflict management styles in an animated film using the Family Communication Patterns instrument (RFCP) which is used in the previous research by family counselors. The content analysis and diagnostic survey indicated that the Mitchells vs. the Machines, showed both low conformity orientation and conversation orientation. The fictional Mitchell family was of a laissez-faire family type. But there was variation between family members. In this context, it was also found that daughter Katie (the main character) adopted an integrating conflict management style with her family members. Concerning the relations between family communication patterns and conflict styles, Katie’s conflict management style which resulted in a “happily ever after conclusion” in which the parents completely changed conflict styles were not consistent with family communication patterns identified in previous research. It is in fact extremely difficult to change the family communication patterns of parents who after all created the patterns in the first place. As a family movie, thus, this fictional animated film provides a new opportunity understand why a good society starts at a smallest unit, even if it is not possible in real life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Animated Film
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Communication Patterns
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict Management Styles
  topic: keywords
creator: Benya Lertsuwan
creator: Thapthep Paprach
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-01-26
publication date: 2022-01-26
starting page: 032
ending page: 047

Reinforcing or Resisting? A Study on the Influence of Internet Memes on Sexism Among University Students in Penang
type: item
description: Today, the advancement of the Internet allows new forms of creative storytelling and information dissemination. Social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter defy the linear flow of information as the users can actively participate in the process of content creation and circulation. Social media users are granted instant interactivity. One of the Internet contents favoured by a large user community is Internet memes. Creating and sharing Internet memes have not only become a trend on social media but also a cyberculture that is capable of shaping public opinions and social media behaviour of its users. As an alternate information source, Internet memes are actively shared from one to another to gain engagements and attention, especially among the younger generation as a form of expression and to relieve themselves Being a digital storytelling tool, Internet memes are effective in conveying ideas, framing and providing interpretation on current issues, however not without the possibilities of discrimination and misrepresentations. As such, sexism continues to exist in the new media, particularly within Internet memes. The so-called humour in Internet memes is often manifests sensitive and offensive remarks as mere jokes and not to be taken seriously. Based on the Cyberfeminist theory (Cyberfeminism), this paper aims to look into the influence of Internet memes on sexism among university students. A quantitative research was deployed through the distribution of online survey forms to 200 university students in Penang. Then, the data collected were analysed in SPSS to test the reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) and correlations (Pearson’s coefficient). The research therefore concludes that ideology of sexism is strongly reinforced through Internet memes amongst university students in Penang, in which, knowledge on digital literacy significantly helps to negotiate or contest the sexist notions communicated in the Internet memes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Internet memes
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberfeminism
  topic: keywords
subject: sexism
  topic: keywords
subject: cyberculture
  topic: keywords
subject: university students
  topic: keywords
creator: Teh Kang Ze
creator: Ilaiya Barathi Panneerselvam
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-01-27
publication date: 2022-01-27
starting page: 001
ending page: 031

Tinjauan Awal Penerimaan Pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah Terhadap Radio Kampus UMS
type: item
description: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penerimaan pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah terhadap radio kampus milik universiti tersebut dan peranannya. Radio milik Universiti Malaysia Sabah telah mengalami penjenamaan semula sebanyak dua kali dari ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 2010. Namun, sepanjang ia ditubuhkan, kajian mengenai penerimaan dan peranan radio tersebut adalah terhad. Maka timbul persoalan, masihkah ada yang mendengar radio kampus? Adakah ia diterima baik oleh pelajar universiti? Apakah intervensi yang perlu dilakukan oleh pihak radio kampus sekiranya penerimaan pelajar adalah sebaliknya? Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan seramai 357 orang responden yang terdiri daripada pelajar Universiti Malaysia Sabah telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penerimaan yang positif pada kadar lemah disebabkan ramai yang masih tidak mengetahui tentang kewujudan radio kampus. Oleh itu radio kampus perlu berani dan keluar daripada kepompong selesa jika ingin memastikan keberkesanan dan kejayaan radio tersebut. Pelajar sepatutnya memanfaatkan kemudahan radio yang disediakan oleh pihak universiti. Selain itu, radio kampus juga perlu lebih berani melakukan perubahan dan menambahbaik penggunaan teknologi sedia ada.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sabah
  topic: keywords
subject: Radio
  topic: keywords
subject: Penerimaan
  topic: keywords
subject: Peranan
  topic: keywords
creator: Nor Suaidah Zainal Abidin
creator: Intan Soliha Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Issues in Media & Communication (JCIMC)
date: 2022-01-31
publication date: 2022-01-31
starting page: 075
ending page: 094