Thermoplastic/Natural Filler Composites: A Short Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Plastics have many benefits due to their light weight, cost effectiveness,
durability and other advantages. They are used as agricultural films, packaging, disposal consumer items, health, construction, etc. However, most plastics are not degradable which cause serious environmental problem. Addition of natural fillers into thermoplastics not only reduce the cost of the thermoplastic/natural filler composites but also help in reducing the waste of non-degradable plastic composite materials in the environment. Present short review deals with the issue of non-degradable plastic materials and the application of various natural fillers in thermoplastic composites. The chemical modifications including compatibilisation and radiation are reviewed and discussed.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Andrady, A. L. & Neal, M. A. (2009). Applications and societal benefits of plastics.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364, 1977–1984, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304.
Thompson, R. C. et al. (2009). Our plastic age. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 364, 1973–1976, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0054.
PlasticsEurope. (2008). The compelling facts about plastics: An analysis of
plastics production, demand and recovery in Europe. Brussels: PlasticsEurope.
Swift, G. & Wiles, D. (2004). Degradable polymers and plastics in landfill sites.
Encycl. Polym. Sci. Technol., 9, 40–51, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471440264.pst457.
Zaaba, N. F., Ismail, H. & Jaafar, M. (2017). A study of the degradation of
compatibilized and uncompatibilized peanut shell powder/recycled polypropylene
composites due to natural weathering. J. Vin. Add. Technol., 23(4), 290–297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21504.
Zaaba, N. F. & Ismail, H. (2018). Comparative study of irradiated and non-
irradiated recycled polypropylene/peanut shell powder composites under the
effects of natural weathering degradation. BioResour., 13(1), 487–505.
Sreekanth, M. S. et al. (2009). Effect of particle size and concentration of fly ash
on properties of polyester thermoplastic elastomer composites. J. Min. Mater.
Char. Eng., 8(3), 237–248, https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2009.83021.
Susan, E. M. S., John, D. C. & Ruben, J. H. (2004). Plastic packaging:
Properties, processing, applications and regulations, 2nd ed. Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag.
Sarki, J. et al. (2011). Potential of using coconut shell particle fillers in eco-
composite materials. J. Alloy. Comp., 509, 2381–2385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.025.
Shalwan, A. & Yousif, B. F. (2013). In state of art: Mechanical and tribological
behaviour of polymeric composites based on natural fibres. Mater. Des., 48,
–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.014.
Fowler, P. A., Hughes, J. M. & Elias, R. M. (2006). Biocomposites: Technology,
environmental credentials and market forces. J. Sci. Food Agr., 86, 1781–1789,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2558.
Faruk, O. et al. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–
Progr. Polym. Sci., 37, 1552–1596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003.
Ismail, H., Edyham, M. R. & Wirjosentono, B. (2002). Bamboo fiber filled natural
rubber composites: The effect of filler loading and bonding agents. Polym. Test.,
, 139–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00060-5.
Imoisili, P. E et al. (2018). Effect of high-frequency microwave radiation on the
mechanical properties of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) fibre/epoxy biocomposite.
J. Phys. Sci., 29(3), 23–35, https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2018.29.3.3.
Natta, G. et al. (1955). 1st example of a crystalline isotactic polypropylene.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 77, 1708–1710, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01611a109.
Karger-Kocsis, J. (1994). Polypropylene structure, blends and composites.
Vol. 1: Structure and morphology. Amsterdam: Springer Netherlands.
Chen, R. S. et al. (2015). Biocomposites based on rice husk flour and recycled
polymer blend: Effects of interfacial modification and high fibre loading.
Biores., 10(4), 6872–6885, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.6872-6885.
Santiagoo, R. et al. (2016). The compatibilizing effect of polypropylene maleic
anhydride (PPMAH) on polypropylene (PP)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
(NBR)/palm kernel shell (PKS) composites. ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 11(3).
Mukherjee, T. & Kao, N. (2011). PLA based biopolymer reinforced with natural
fibre: A review. J. Polym. Environ., 19(3), 714–725, https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10924-011-0320-6.
Rahmat, A. R. et al. (2009). Approaches to improve compatibility of starch
filled polymer system: A review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 29, 2370–2377,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2009.06.009.
Robertson, N. L. M. et al. (2013). Mechanical performance and moisture
absorption of various natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites.
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 130(2), 969–980, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39237.
Abd. Rajak Hamim, F., Ghani, S. A. and Zainuddin, F. (2017). Influences
of the coupling agent and various compatibilisers on properties of recycled
high density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate/taro powder (Colocasia
esculenta) biocomposites. J. Phys. Sci., 28(2), 71–84, https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2017.28.2.5.
Akil, H. M. et al. (2011). Kenaf fiber reinforced composites: A review. Mater.
Des., 32, 4107–4121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.008.
Zaaba, N. F., Ismail, H. & Jaafar, M. (2016). Recycled polypropylene/peanut
shell powder composites: Pre-treatment of lignin using alkaline peroxide.
BioRes., 11(2), 3524–3537, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.3524-3537.
Zaaba, N. F., Ismail, H. & Jaafar, M. (2017). Recycled polypropylene/peanut
shell powder (RPP/PSP) composites: Property comparison before and after
electron beam irradiation. Polym. Comp., 39, 3048–3056, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24309.
Zaaba, N. F., Ismail, H. & Mariatti, M. (2016). Utilization of polyvinyl alcohol
on properties of recycled polypropylene/peanut shell powder composites.
Proced. Chem., 19, 763–769, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.03.082.
Sanadi, A. R., Caulfield, D. F. & Rowell, R. M. (1994). Reinforcing
polypropylene with natural fibers. Plast. Eng., 50(4), 27–28.
Obasi, H. C. (2015). Peanut husk filled polyethylene composites: Effects of filler
content and compatibilizer on properties. J. Polym. Environ., Article ID 189289,
–9, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/189289.
Chun, K. S. and Husseinsyah, S. (2014). Agrowaste-based composites from
cocoa pod husk and polypropylene: Effect of filler content and chemical
treatment. J. Thermopl. Comp. Mater., 29(10), 1332–1351, https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705714563125.
Agunsoye, O. & Aigbodion, V. S. (2013). Bagasse filled recycled polyethylene
bio-composites: Morphological and mechanical properties study. Res. Phys., 3,
–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2013.09.003.
Reddy, N. & Yang, Y. (2011). Completely biodegradable soy protein-jute
biocomposites developed using water without any chemicals as plasticizer.
Ind. Crops Prod., 33, 35–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.08.007.
Majeed, K. et al. (2013). Potential materials for food packaging from nanoclay/
natural fibers filled hybrid composites. Mater. Des., 46, 391–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.10.044.
Ku, H. et al. (2011). A review on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced
polymer composites. Comp. B Eng., 42(4), 856–873, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.010.
Kalia, S., Kaith, B. S. & Kaur, I. (2009). Pretreatments of natural fibers and
their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites - A review.
Polym. Eng. Sci., 49, 1253–1272, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21328.
Zanoaga, M., Tanasa, F. & Mamunya, Y. (2016). Compatibilized green
composites based on wood chips and thermoplastic polymer waste matrices.
Cell. Chem. Technol., 50(5), 637–648.
Tazi, M. et al. (2016). Effect of wood fillers on the viscoelastic and thermophysical
properties of HDPE-wood composite. Int. J. Polym. Sci., Article ID 9032525,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9032525.
Yu, M. et al. (2016). Hybrid composites from wheat straw, inorganic filler,
and recycled polypropylene: Morphology and mechanical and thermal
expansion performance. Int. J. Polym. Sci., Article ID 2520670, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2520670.
Arjmandi, R. et al. (2015). Rice husk filled polymer composites. Int. J. Polym.
Sci., Article ID 501471, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/501471.
Tong, J. Y. et al. (2014). Study of the mechanical and morphology properties
of recycled HDPE composite using rice husk filler. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.,
Article ID 938961, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/938961.
Mattos, B. D. et al. (2014). Properties of polypropylene composites filled with
a mixture of household waste of mate-tea and wood particles. Constr. Build.
Mater., 61, 60–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.022.
Hamim, F. A. R., Abdul Ghani, S. & Zainudin, F. (2016). Properties of recycled
high density polyethylene (RHDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) blends:
The effect of blends composition and compatibilisers. J. Phys. Sci., 27(2), 23–39,
https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2016.27.2.3.
Yuan, X., Jayaraman, K. & Bhattacharyya, D. (2004). Effects of plasma
treatment in enhancing the performance of wood fibre-polypropylene composites.
Comp. A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 35(12), 1363–1374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.06.023.
Gassan, J. & Gutowski, V. S. (2000). Effects of corona discharge and UV
treatment on the properties of jute-fibre epoxy composites. Comp. Sci. Technol.,
(15), 2857–2863, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00168-8.
Chang, W. P., Kim, K. J. & Gupta, R. K. (2009). Moisture absorption behavior
of wood/plastic composites made with ultrasound-assisted alkali-treated wood
particulates. Comp. Interf., 16 937–951, https://doi.org/10.1163/092764409X12477481859067.
Huda, M. S. et al. (2008). Effect of fiber surface treatments on the properties of
laminated biocomposites from poly(lacticacid) (PLA) and kenaf fibers. Comp. Sci.
Technol., 68(2), 424–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.06.022.
Sydenstricker, T. H., Mochnaz, S. & Amico, S. C. (2003). Pull-out and other
evaluations in sisal-reinforced polyester biocomposites. Polym. Test., 22(4), 375–
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00116-2.
Toriz, G., Denes, F. & Young, R. A. (2002). Lignin-polypropylene composites.
Part 1: Composites from unmodified lignin and polypropylene. Polym. Comp.,
(5), 806–811, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10478.
Eckert, C. H. (1999). Functional fillers for plastics: Outlook to the year 2005.
Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
Woodfiber-plastic Composites, Madison, United States.
Rubin, E. (2008). Genomics of cellulosic biofuels. Nature, 454, 841–845,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07190.
Williams, G. I. & Wool, R. P. (2000). Composites from natural fibers and
soy oil resins. Appl. Comp. Mater., 7(5), 421–432, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026583404899.
Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M. & Drzal, L. T. (2001). Surface modifications of
natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview.
Comp. Interf., 8(5), 313–343, https://doi.org/10.1163/156855401753255422.
Célino, A. et al. (2013). The hygroscopic behavior of plant fibers: A review. Front. Chem., 1(43).
Nabi Saheb, D. & Jog, J. P. (1999). Natural fiber polymer composites: A
review. Adv. Polym. Technol., 18, 351–363,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2329(199924)18:4%3C351::AID-ADV6%3E3.0.CO;2-X.
George, J., Sreekala, M. S. & Thomas, S. (2001). A review on interfacial
modification and characterization of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites.
Polym. Eng. Sci., 41(9), 1471–1485, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10846.
Wakabayashi, K. & Register, R. (2005). Micromechanical interpretation of the
modulus of ethylene(meth) acrylic acid copolymers. Polym., 46(20), 8838–8845,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.12.063.
Kazayawoko, M., Balatinecz, J. J. & Matuana, L. M. (1999). Surface modification
and adhesion mechanisms in woodfiber-polypropylene composites. J. Mater. Sci.,
(24), 6189–6199, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004790409158.
McCord, E., Shaw, H. & Hutchinson, R. (1997). Short-chain branching structures
in ethylene copolymers prepared by high-pressure free-radical polymerization:
An NMR analysis. Macromol., 30, 246, https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9606871.
Bledzki, A. K. & Gassan, J. (1999). Composites reinforced with cellulose based
fibres. Progr. Polym. Sci., 24(2), 221–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5.
Sreekala, M. S. et al. (2000). Oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde
composites: Influence of fiber surface modifications on the mechanical
performance. Appl. Comp. Mater., 7, 295–329, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026534006291.
Sreekala, M. S., Kumaran, M. G. & Thomas, S. (2002). Water sorption in oil
palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Comp. A Appl. Sci.
Manuf., 33(6), 763–777, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00032-5.
Haweel, C. K. & Ammar, S. H. (2008). Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol from
local raw material. Iraqi J. Chem. Petrol. Eng., 9(1), 15–21.
Li, Y., Mai, Y. W. & Ye, I. (2000). Sisal fibre and its composites: A review of
recent developments. Comp. Sci. Technol., 60(11), 2037–2055, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(00)00101-9.
Agrawal, N. S. et al. (2000). Activation energy and crystallization kinetics
of untreated and treated oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde
composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 277, 77–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00556-0.
Pothan, L. A., Thomas, S. & Groeninckx, G. (2006). The role of fiber matrix
interaction on the dynamic mechanical properties of chemically modified banana
fiber/polyester composites. Comp. A Appl. Sci. Manufact., 37(9), 1260–1269,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.09.001.
Thayer, D. W. (1990). Food irradiation: Benefits and concerns. J. Food Qual.,
(3), 147–169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.1990.tb00014.x.
Youssef, H. A. et al. (2009). Studies of sugarcane baggase fiber-thermoplastic
composites. J. Elast. Plast., 41, 245–262, https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244308095014.
Sam, S. T., Ismail, H. & Ahmad, Z. (2012). Study on electron beam irradiated
linear low density polyethylene/soya powder blends under outdoor exposure.
J. Vin. Add. Technol., 18(4), 241–249, https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20327.
Aji, I. S. et al. (2013). Induced tensile properties with EB-crosslinking of
hybridized kenaf/palf reinforced HDPE composite. Pert. J. Sci. Technol., 21(1), 135–140.
Mizera, A. et al. (2012). Properties of selected polymers after radiation
crosslinking. Int. J. Math. Comp. Sim., 6(6), 592–599.
Nordin, R. & Ismail, H. (2013). Electron beam treatment for enhancing the
compatibility, thermal and tensile properties of LLDPE/PVA blends. Part I:
Effect of irradiation doses. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl., 3(6), 1820–1825.
Ismail, H., Galpaya, D. & Ahmad, Z. (2010). Electron beam irradiation of blends
of polypropylene with recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. J. Vin. Add.
Technol., 16(2), 141–146.
Bee, S. T. et al. (2012). Effect of montmorillonite on the electron beam
irradiation alumina trihydrate added polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate
nanocomposite. Polym. Comp., 33, 1883–1892.
Choi, H. Y., Han, S. O. & Lee, J. S. (2008). Surface morphological, mechanical
and thermal characterization of electron beam irradiated fibers. Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 2466–2473.
Khan, F., Ahmad, S. R. & Kronfli, E. (1999). Stability of jute fibres on exposure
to ionising radiation. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 63, 79–84.
Alessi, S. et al. (2007). E-beam curing of epoxy-based blends in order to produce
high-performance composites. Rad. Phys. Chem., 76, 1308–1311.
Zhai, M., Yoshii, F. & Kume, T. (2003). Syntheses of PVA/starch grafted
hydrogels by irradiation. Carb. Polym., 50(3), 311–317.
Drobny, J. G. 2006. Modification of polymers by ionizing radiation: A review.
Paper presented at the Annual Technical Conference 2006 (ANTEC 2006), 7–11 May, Charlotte, NC.