Tahap dan Penentu Indeks Modal Sosial di Malaysia (Level and Determinants of Social Capital Index in Malaysia)
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Abstract
Social capital is one of the important elements to reduce the incidence of poverty because of its ability to influence an individual's or household's income of a country. Nevertheless, past studies that examine social capital issue are rather lacking especially in Malaysia. This study aims to identify the level and determinants of social capital index in Malaysia based on 2,443 heads of households' data collected in 2012 in five states in Peninsular Malaysia; Kedah, Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Terengganu. The analysis involves two steps; computing social capital index and estimating regression models to identify the determinants of social capital index. The study finds that 72.9% of heads of households are having moderate and high social capital index of 0.5 and above. The percentage of heads of households with higher social capital index is higher in Selangor compared to other states. Further, the study demonstrates that the significant determinants of social capital index are marital status, location, states, and household income. The findings from the study imply that Malaysia must implement programmes that can raise an individual's or household's income in order to increase their level of social capital index, which subsequently will improve Malaysia's level of economic development.
Modal sosial merupakan salah satu elemen penting dalam mengurangkan insiden kemiskinan kerana ia mampu mempengaruhi tingkat pendapatan individu atau isi rumah dalam sesebuah negara. Namun, kajian lepas yang melihat isu modal sosial masih kurang terutamanya di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tahap dan mengenal pasti penentu indeks modal sosial di Malaysia berdasarkan data 2,443 orang ketua isi rumah yang telah dikutip pada tahun 2012 di lima buah negeri di Semenanjung Malaysia; iaitu Kedah, Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Johor dan Terengganu. Analisis kajian ini melibatkan dua peringkat; iaitu menghitung indeks modal sosial dan menganggar model regresi untuk mengenal pasti penentu indeks modal sosial. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan 72.9% ketua isi rumah berada pada tahap indeks modal sosial peringkat sederhana dan tinggi, iaitu 0.5 dan ke atas. Peratus ketua isi rumah di negeri Selangor yang berada pada tahap indeks modal sosial yang tinggi adalah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di negerinegeri lain. Selanjutnya dapatan kajian menunjukkan penentu indeks modal sosial yang signifikan adalah status perkahwinan, lokasi, negeri dan pendapatan isi rumah. Dapatan kajian ini memberi implikasi bahawa Malaysia perlu menjalankan program yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan individu atau isi rumah demi meningkatkan indeks modal sosial mereka yang selanjutnya meningkatkan tahap pembangunan ekonomi Malaysia
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