Di Sebalik Krisis Kewangan Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu, 1920-1924
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Abstract
Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji krisis kewangan Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu (NNMB) yang berlaku antara tahun 1920 hingga 1924. Pembentukan NNMB dan Majlis Mesyuarat Persekutuan (MMP) telah membolehkan kerajaan British menguasai pentadbiran kewangan persekutuan menerusi Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British di Tanah Melayu. Penguasaan pentadbiran kewangan ini bermatlamat untuk mengabsahkan segala sumbangan kewangan dari NNMB kepada kerajaan British. Walaupun begitu, pada akhir tahun 1920 pentadbiran kewangan British di NNMB tercabar apabila berlakunya penyusutan lebihan baki kewangan persekutuan. Krisis bertambah serius apabila kerajaan NNMB tidak mempunyai baki wang tunai pada akhir tahun 1921. Pengkaji-pengkaji awal lebih bersetuju faktor pemusatan pentadbiran kewangan oleh kerajaan NNMB antara tahun 1913 hingga 1919 merupakan sebab utama berlakunya krisis kewangan ini. Bertentangan dengan itu, bukti yang diperoleh daripada rekod kewangan dan pentadbiran NNMB, Prosiding MMP, Laporan Suruhanjaya Penghematan, CO 717 dan FCO 141 membuktikan berlakunya pertumbuhan lebihan baki kewangan sebelum tahun 1920. Bagi menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, objektif artikel ini ialah menilai semula faktor krisis kewangan NNMB. Hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa, pemusatan pentadbiran kewangan bukanlah faktor sebenar yang menyebabkan krisis kewangan NNMB. Terdapat bukti kukuh yang menunjukkan faktor kegagalan Laurence N. Guillemard selaku Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British memahami akaun kerajaan NNMB menyebabkan krisis kewangan. Walaupun begitu, langkah penyelesaian oleh Guillemard sejak tahun 1922 berjaya menyelesaikan krisis kewangan NNMB apabila berlakunya pertumbuhan lebihan baki kewangan NNMB yang mendadak pada tahun 1924. Justeru, artikel ini berhujah pemusatan pentadbiran kewangan bukanlah faktor utama krisis kewangan yang berlaku di NNMB antara tahun 1920 hingga 1924.
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