Pemerhati Pilihan Raya Domestik di Malaysia: Kajian Kes Ahli Akademik Sebagai Pemerhati Pilihan Raya
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Abstract
Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-14 (PRU-14) yang berlangsung pada 9 Mei 2018 merupakan detik bersejarah dalam perkembangan demokrasi di Malaysia. Lebih dari itu, ia membuktikan peralihan kuasa boleh berlaku secara aman melalui sebuah sistem pilihan raya yang sentiasa memihak pada pemerintah ketika itu, Barisan Nasional. Salah satu bidang yang terabai daripada diperbahaskan dalam kajian akademik mengenai sistem pilihan raya di Malaysia ialah pemantauan dan pemerhatian pilihan raya. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya (SPR) Malaysia telah memperkenalkan konsep pemerhati pilihan raya domestik bermula daripada PRU-12 hinggalah PRU-14. Berbeza dengan penyertaan pasukan pemerhati daripada pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO), PRU-14 menyaksikan penglibatan julung kali tiga pasukan pemerhati daripada institusi pengajian tinggi. Jumlah ini bertambah kepada enam selepas enam siri pilihan raya kecil yang berlangsung selepas PRU-14. Makalah eksplorasi ini menilai potensi dan cabaran dalam pengoperasian pasukan pemerhati daripada kumpulan ahli akademik. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa berbanding kumpulan pemantau pilihan raya seperti Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil (BERSIH) 2.0, NGO tradisional atau kumpulan pemerhati bayangan yang mempunyai affiliasi politik dan reputasi partisan, pasukan pemerhati daripada kumpulan ahli akademik dilihat lebih mampu memberi input yang konstruktif dan seimbang terhadap proses pemerhatian pilihan raya. Hal ini bagaimanapun turut dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan anggota pasukan pemerhati yang komited dan tidak partisan, sokongan yang diberikan oleh sesuatu institusi pengajian serta sokongan tambahan yang diberikan oleh SPR. Pewujudan sebuah pasukan pemerhati pilihan raya ahli akademik yang lebih menyeluruh sebelum PRU-15 turut merupakan prospek yang boleh diteroka berdasarkan model yang telah dilaksanakan di Indonesia dan Thailand.
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