Work-Life Balance for Sustainable Development in Malaysian Higher Education Institutions: Fad or Fact?
Main Article Content
Abstract
The mainstream literature abounds with the challenges and effects of lack of worklife balance (WLB), but little is known about WLB experience and coping strategies that may be unique to women in academe. Knowledge in this area assumes significance amid the increased work intensification experienced by academics in recent years. Premised on the notion that WLB is not a passing fad but a catalyst for sustainable development, this article documents the findings of a qualitative study of 11 full-time women academic staff in Malaysian universities. Majority of the women perceived their WLB to be reasonable despite experiencing increased work intensification. The findings imply that how they cope with work and family situations are important to a healthy WLB. Research and policy implications for sustainable work and growth are discussed.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Achour, M. and A. Boerhannoeddin. 2011. The role of religiosity as a coping strategy in coping with work-family conflict: The case of Malaysian women in academia. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 1(1): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2011.v1.14
Acker, S. and C. Armenti. 2007. Sleepless in academia. Gender and Education 16(1): 3–24.
Adema, W. 2013. Greater gender equality: What role for family policy. Family Matters 93(1): 7–16.
Agosti, M.T., A. Bringsen and I. Andersson. 2017. The complexity of resources related to work-life balance and well-being: A survey among municipality employees in Sweden. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 28(16): 2351–2374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1340323
Ajayi, F., S. Ojo and C. Mordi. 2015. Work-family balance and coping strategies among women: Evidence from commercial banks in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management 7(2): 152–160.
Ang, M.C.H., T. Ramayah, C.L. Goi and Noraida Endut. 2018. Work-life balance in higher education: Are work intensification and emotional labor potential job stressors? Asian Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies 4(2): 5–16. https://doi.org/10.25275/apjabssv4i2ss6
Bexley, E., S. Arkoudis and R. James. 2013. The motivations, values and future plans of Australian academics. Higher Education 65(3): 385–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9550-3
Bray, R.M., C.S. Camlin, J.A. Fairbank, G.H. Dunteman and S.A. Wheeless. 2001. The effects of stress and job functioning of military men and women. Armed Forces and Society 27(3): 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327x0102700304
Carlson, D.A. and P.L. Perrewe. 1999. The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management 25(4): 513–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500403
Chun, C.A., R.H. Moos and R.C. Cronkite. 2006. Culture: A fundamental context for stress and coping paradigm. In Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping, eds. P.T.P. Wong and L.C.J. Wong, 29–53. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_2
Deery, M. and L. Jago. 2009. A framework for work-life balance practices: Addressing the needs of the tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research 9(2): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2009.4
Edwards, J.R. and N.P. Rothbard. 2000. Mechanisms linking work and family: Specifying the relationships between work and family constructs. The Academy of Management Review 25(1): 178–199. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791609
Ferguson, M., D. Carlson, S. Zivnuska and D. Whitten. 2012. Support at work and home: The path to satisfaction through balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior 80(2): 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.001
Friedman, S.D., D. Steward, P. Christensen and J. DeGroot. 2000. Work and life: The end of the zero-sum game. Harvard Business Review on Work and Life Balance 76(6): 119–129.
Frone, M.R. 2003. Work-family balance. In Handbook of occupational health psychology, eds. J.C. Quick and L.E. Tetrick, 143–162. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-007
Gatta, M.L. and P.A. Roos. 2004. Balancing without a net in academia: Integrating family and work lives. Equal Opportunities International 23(3–5): 124–142. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150410787765
Goo, C.C., M.C.H. Ang and M.T. Goi. 2018. Work intensification and turnover intention in academia: The mediating role of work-life balance. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, Asian Economic and Social Society 8(5): 188–196. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.2.2018.85.188.196
Gowan, M.A., C.M. Riordan and R.D. Gatewood. 1999. Test of a model of coping with involuntary job loss following a company closing. Journal of Applied Psychology 84(1): 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.75
Grawitch, M.J., L.K. Barber and L. Justice. 2010. Rethinking the work–life interface: It’s not about balance, it’s about resource allocation. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2(2):127–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01023.x
Greenhaus, J.H., K.M. Collins and J.D. Shaw. 2003. The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior 63(1): 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00042-8
Haar, J.M. 2006. The downside of coping: Work-family conflict, employee burnout and the moderating effects of coping strategies. Journal of Management and Organization 12(1): 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200004089
Haddock, S.A., S.J. Ziemba, T.S. Zimmerman and L.R. Current. 2001. Ten adaptive strategies for family and work balance: Advice from successful families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 27(4): 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2001.tb00339.x
Haddon, B. and A. Hede. 2009. Work-life balance: In search of effective strategies. Proceedings of 23rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management (ANZAM) Annual Conference, Australia. 2–4 December.
Hertz, R. 1999.Working to place family at the center of life: Dual-earner and single-parent strategies, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 562(1): 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716299562001002
Hilbrecht, M., S.M. Shaw, L.C. Johnson and J. Andrey. 2008. Contradictory implications for work–life balance to teleworking mothers. Gender, Work & Organization 15(5): 454–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00413.x
International Labor Office (ILO). 2017. Work-life balance. http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/working-time/wl-balance/lang--en/index.htm (accessed 30 December 2017).
Kinman, G. and F. Jones. 2008. A life beyond work? Job demands, work-life balance, and wellbeing in UK academics. Journal of Human Behaviour in the Social Environment 17(1–2): 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911350802165478
Kuo, B.C.H., R. Arnold and B. Rodriguez-Rubio. 2014. Mediating effects of coping in the link between spirituality and psychological development of the cross-cultural coping scale: Collective, avoidance, and engagement strategies. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 17(2): 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.780015
Kuo, B.C.H., K.M. Soucie, S. Huang and R. Laith. 2018. The mediating role of cultural coping behaviours on the relationships between academic stress and psychological well-being outcomes. International Journal of Psychology 53(1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12421
Lanthois, P. 2017. The key to a sustainable business and a sustainable life. http://www.evancarmichael.com/library/dr-paul-lanthois/Work-Life-Balance-The-KeyTo-A-Sustainable-Business-and-A-Sustainable-Life.html (accessed 30 January 2018).
Lewis, R.A. 2016. Work-life balance in academia: Experiences of lecturers in Switzerland. International Journal of Business and Management 4(1): 69–84. https://doi.org/10.20472/bm.2016.4.1.004
Littig, B. 2008. Work-life balance: Catchword or catalyst for sustainable work? Sociological Series 85(1): 1–14.
Lunau, T., C. Bambra, T.A. Eikemo, K.A. van der Wel and N. Dragano. 2014. A balancing act? Work-life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. European Journal of Public Health 24(3): 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku010
Managing Work/Life Balance International. 2007. Work/life initiatives: The way ahead report on the year 2007 survey. Roseville, NSW: Work/Life Balance International.
O’Reilly, M. and N. Parker. 2012. Unsatisfactory saturation: A critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research. Qualitative Research 13(2): 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112446106
Parker, K. and W. Wang. 2013. Modern parenthood: Roles of moms and dads converge as they balance work and family. PEW Research Center, Washington DC. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/03/14/modern-parenthood-roles-of-momsand-dads-converge-as-they-balance-work-and-family (accessed 1 March 2017). https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814749159.003.0004
Pitt-Catsouphes, M., M.A. Smyer, C. Matz-Costa and K. Kane. 2007. The national study report: Phase II of the national study of business strategy and workforce development. Chestnut Hill, MA: Center on Aging and Work at Boston College. https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr34734
Quick, J.D., A.B. Henly and J.C. Quick. 2004. The balancing act: At work and at home. Organizational Dynamics 33(4): 426–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.008
Rao, I. 2017. Work-life balance for sustainable human development: Cultural intelligence as enabler. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 27(7): 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1327391
Rothbard, N.P. 2001. Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly 46(1): 655–684. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094827
Safiah Sidek, Mohd Taib Dora, Norliah Kudus, Mahadi Abu Hassan, Sazelin Arif, Shahrulanuar Mohamed, Noor Azlin Bidin and Mohd Fadzil Mohd Idris. 2015. Achieving excellence in academic work practices: The experience of Malaysian distinguished professors. Asian Social Science 11(17): 83–89. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n17p83
Santos, G. and C. Cabral-Cardoso. 2008. Work-family culture in academia: A gendered view of work-family conflict and coping strategies. Gender Management: An International Journal 23(6): 442–457. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410810897553
Simon, H.A. 1956. Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review 63(2): 129–138.
Stahl, G.K. and P. Caligiuri. 2005. The effectiveness of expatriate coping strategies: The moderating role of cultural distance, position level and time on the international assignment. Journal of Applied Psychology 90(4): 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.603
Tan-Wilson, A. and N. Stamp. 2015. College students’ views of work–life balance in stem research careers: Addressing negative preconceptions. CBE Life Sciences Education 14(3): 1. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.14-11-0210
The Star. 2017. Budget 2018: Goodies for the disabled, childcare boost. 27 October. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/10/27/budget-2018-newoffice-buildings-must-have-childcare-facilities/ (accessed 18 December 2017).
Winefield, A.H., N. Gillespie, C. Stough, J. Dua, J. Hapuarachchi and C. Boyd. 2003. Occupational stress in Australian university staff. International Journal of Stress Management 10(1): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.10.1.51
Yeh, C.J., A.K. Arora and K.A. Wu. 2006. A new theoretical model of collectivistic coping. In International and cultural psychology series: Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping, eds. P.T.P. Wong and L.C.J. Wong, 55–72. Dallas, TX: Spring Publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-26238-5_3
Zheng, C., K. Kashi, D. Fan, J. Molineux and M.S. Ee. 2016. Impact of individual coping strategies and organisational work-life balance programmes on Australian employee wellbeing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 27(1): 501–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1020447