Amalan Nilai-nilai Teras Islam dalam Sistem Pengurusan Kualiti Berasaskan Syariah MS 1900: Kajian Kes di Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Melaka
Main Article Content
Abstract
The literature shows that the topic of the practice of Islamic core values in the implementation of MS 1900 Shariah-based Quality Management System has not been explored by previous researchers. Hence, the objective of this article is to study Islamic core values practices in MS 1900 implementation in Malaysia’s syariah court, that is Melaka Syariah Court (MSC). The data collection method used was a semi-structured interview involving 11 informants. Thematic analysis method with the help of Atlas.ti version 8 software was used to analyse the data. The research findings show that there are four core Islamic values that are practised in the implementation of MS 1900 in MSC, namely blessing, accurate, fast and authoritative. The practice of such core values has been the catalyst for the effective implementation of MS 1900 in the courts studied. The findings of this study contribute to the development of knowledge regarding the Islamic core values in the implementation of MS 1900 in the syariah court environment. The findings can be used as input to administrators in the public or corporate sector in their efforts to inject Islamic core values into the implementation of effective quality management systems in their respective organisations.
Literatur menunjukkan topik mengenai amalan nilai teras Islam dalam pelaksanaan Sistem Pengurusan Kualiti Berasaskan Syariah MS 1900 belum diteroka oleh pengkaji lepas. Oleh itu, objektif artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji amalan nilai teras Islam dalam pelaksanaan MS 1900 di mahkamah syariah di Malaysia iaitu Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Melaka (MSNM). Kaedah pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah temu bual separa struktur yang melibatkan 11 orang informan. Kaedah analisis tematik dengan bantuan perisian Atlas.ti version 8 telah digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat empat nilai teras Islam yang diamalkan dalam pelaksanaan MS 1900 di MSNM iaitu berkat, tepat, cepat dan berwibawa. Amalan nilai teras tersebut telah menjadi pemangkin kepada pelaksanaan MS 1900 yang efektif di mahkamah yang dikaji. Hasil kajian ini memberi sumbangan kepada pembangunan ilmu berkenaan dengan nilai teras Islam dalam pelaksanaan MS 1900 dalam persekitaran mahkamah syariah. Hasil kajian ini boleh dijadikan input kepada para pentadbir di sektor awam atau korporat dalam usaha mereka untuk menyuntik nilai teras Islam ke dalam pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti yang efektif di organisasi masing-masing.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdul Malik Abdul Karim Abdullah. 1982. Tafsir Al-Azhar Lengkap. Jilid 1. Jakarta: Penerbit Pustaka Panjimas.
Ab. Mumin Ab Ghani and Fadillah M.A. 2006. Asas pengurusan Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Ahmad Hidayat Buang. 2017. Memperkukuhkan kredibiliti institusi mahkamah syariah di Malaysia dalam memenuhi tanda aras global. Seminar Kebangsaan Mahkamah Syariah 2017 – 60 Tahun Pasca Kemerdekaan “Menelusuri Cabaran, Melestari Masa Hadapan”. International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 9 August.
Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh Salin, Siti Khadijah Ab Manan and Norlela Kamaluddin. 2020. Ethical framework for directors – learning from the Prophet. International Journal of Law and Management 62(2): 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-04-2018-0075
Aini Ahmad, Norrihan Sulan and Anita Abdul Rani. 2017. Integration of learning organization ideas and Islamic core values principle at university. The Learning Organization: An International Journal 24(6): 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-05-2017-0051
Ainor, N.A. and H. Indri. 2020. Nilai ilmu dalam pembentukan peradaban Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Akademi Pengurusan YAPEIM. 2013. Islamic management: The application of Quranic principles and values. Putrajaya: Akademi Pengurusan YAPEIM.
al-Ghazali, I. 2006. Ihya’ Ulum al-Din (Kebangkitan ilmu-ilmu agama). Trans. H. Ismail Yakub. Kuala Lumpur: Victory Agencie.
Amal Hayati Ishak and Muhamad Rahimi Osman. 2015. A systematic literature review on Islamic values applied in quality management context. Journal of Business Ethics 138(1): 103–122.
. 2019. Understanding Islamic perspectives on quality management: From concept to practice. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(2S11): 1262–1266.
Arabic Lexicon. n.d. Meaning of عدل . Al-Rāghib al-Isfahānī, al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qur’ān, http://arabiclexicon.hawramani.com/search/عدل (accessed 11 July 2019).
Arbain Sarion, Ummi Salwa Ahmad Bustamam and Amir Shaharudin. 2015. Towards MS 1900 Quality Management System from Islamic perspective: A case study at MACS. International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 2(1): 8–17. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2015.2n1.16
Atikullah, A. 2014. Nilai-nilai Islam dalam pembentukan akhlak dan pengurusan organisasi. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Penyelidikan Islam 2(1): 15–28.
Braun, V. and V. Clarke. 2013. Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Burhanuddin Jalal, Siti Arni Basir, Hassan al-Banna Mohammed and Badlihisham Mohd Nasir. 2022. Usaha dan pendekatan pematuhan syariah dalam organisasi Angkatan Tentera Malaysia oleh Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera (KAGAT). Journal of Contemporary Islamic Studies 8(special issue): 379–398.
Egel, E. and L.W. Fry. 2017. Spiritual leadership as a model for Islamic leadership. Public Integrity 19(1): 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2016.1200411
Enida Daud and Azman Hashim. 2019. Pelaksanaan nilai al-birr dan itqan mempengaruhi tingkah laku penjawat awam supaya lebih cemerlang dan beretika. Journal of Human Capital Development 12(2): 77–90.
Farooq Rehan, J. Block and C. Fisch. 2019. Entrepreneurship in Islamic communities: How do Islamic values and Islamic practices influence entrepreneurship intentions? Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 13(5): 557–583. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-05-2019-0041
Fatma Zerah Tan and Gbemi Oladipo Olaore. 2022. Effect of organizational learning and effectiveness on the operations, employees productivity and management performance. VILAKSHAN – XIMB Journal of Management 19(2): 110–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/XJM-09-2020-0122
Fazurah Mustaffa, Maizatul Haizan Mahbob and Wan Amizah Wan Mahmud. 2020. Kepimpinan transformasi dan elemen percaya pada Tuhan dalam organisasi awam. Jurnal Sains Sosial 5(1): 65–82.
Ghafran, C. and S. Yasmin. 2020. Ethical governance: Insight from the Islamic perspective and an empirical enquiry. Journal of Business Ethics 167: 513–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04170-3
Hafiz Ahmad ‘Ajjaj Al-Karmi. 2012. Sistem administrasi dan pentadbiran zaman Rasulullah: Kajian sejarah tentang prinsip-prinsip sistem pentadbiran pada awal pemerintahan Islam. Selangor: Al-Hidayah Publication.
Hanif Abdul Rahman, Amin Abdul Aziz, Muhamad Adib Ibrahim, Noor-Arpah Suhaili, Ahmad Zahid Daud and Lin Naing. 2021. Implications of Islamic governance towards psychosocial work stressors and work productivity. Journal of Religion and Health 60(2): 804–815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01134-0
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed. 2015. Kajian kes pelaksanaan MS 1900:2005 sistem pengurusan kualiti menurut perspektif Islam di institusi pengajian tinggi Malaysia. PhD diss., Universiti Malaya.
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed and Ab. Mumin Ab. Ghani. 2015. Buku manual kualiti: Pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti berteraskan syariah MS 1900 di institusi pengajian tinggi Malaysia: Ke arah pengurusan berkesan dan inovatif. Selangor: Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia.
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Ab Mumin Ab Ghani and Siti Arni Basir. 2011. Pemantapan sistem pengurusan Islam berkualiti melalui konsep tawhidi, budaya itqaan dan nilai ihsan. World Congress on Islamic Systems 2011 (World-ISLAM 2011), SACC, Selangor. 28–30 November.
. 2013. Sistem pengurusan Islam yang berkualiti mampu menjamin kepuasan pekerja: Suatu realiti dan cabaran masa hadapan. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah 3(1): 67–84. https://doi.org/10.7187/GJAT342013.03.01
. 2015. Faktor-faktor kejayaan dalam pelaksanaan MS 1900:2005: Satu kajian kualitatif di institusi pengajian tinggi swasta, Malaysia. Sains Humanika 4(1). https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v4n1.548
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Azmi Ahmad, Wan Norhasniah Wan Husin, Siti Arni Basir, Burhanuddin Jalal, Mohd Hamran Mohamad and Sayuti Ab Ghani. 2020. Hubungan antara penghayatan nilai integriti dengan pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti MS 1900 di institusi pengajian tinggi swasta, Malaysia. Zulfaqar Journal of Defence Management, Social Science S Humanities Special Issue, 36–42.
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Wan Norhasniah Wan Husin, Burhanuddin Jalal, Azmi Ahmad, Sayuti Ab. Ghani, Siti Arni Basir, Mohd Hamran Mohamad and Nur Surayya Mohd Saudi. 2021. Keberkesanan pelaksanaan nilai bekerjasama dalam sistem pengurusan kualiti patuh syari’ah (MS1900:2014) di IPTS Malaysia dalam konteks kepuasan bekerja. QALAM International Journal of Islamic and Humanities Research 1(2): 65–73.
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Siti Arni Basir, Norashikin Sahol Hamid, Burhanuddin Jalal, Redwan Yasin and Mohd Hamran Mohamad. 2022. Integrasi panduan al-Quran dan nilai murni yang patuh syariah dalam pelaksanaan piawaian sistem pengurusan kualiti (MS 1900). 14th International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences, 14th ICHiSS. Online platform: ZOOM.
Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Burhanuddin Jalal, Azmi Ahmad, Siti Arni Basir, Mohd Hamran Mohamad, Sayuti Ab Ghani and Nur Surayya Mohd Saud. 2022. Pendekatan nilai kerjasama dalam sistem pengurusan kualiti di institusi pengajian tinggi (IPT) yang patuh syariah. 5th International Halal Conference (5th INHAC 2021). Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies, UiTM, Shah Alam. 22-23 February.
Hasliza Mohamad Ali, Siti Arni Basir and Musaiyadah Ahmadun. 2015. The issues of implementing islamic quality management system MS1900:2005 certification at the department of AWQAf, zakat and hajj (JAWHAR). Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies 2(1): 14–28.
Izzah Hanani Suhaimi. 2019. Majlis penyampaian sijil halal kepada Sari Unggul Enterprise Kafetaria MSNM. Laman Web Rasmi Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Melaka. 24 April. https://www.mahsyariahmelaka.gov.my/index.php/ms/langganan-rss/berita-aktivti/882-majlis-penyampaian-sijil-halal-kepada-sari-unggul-enterprise-kafetaria-msnm (accessed 20 March 2020).
Ivan, H. and L. Desma. 2016. The influence of trust and work commitment on employee performance in organizations. International Journal of Business and Management Studies 8(2): 45–54.
Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Melaka. 2019. Lawatan mahabbah Jabatan Pendakwaan Syariah Wilayah Persekutuan ke Mahkamah Syariah Negeri Melaka. 20 August. https://www.mahsyariahmelaka.gov.my/index.php/ms/langganan-rss/berita-aktivti/903-lawatan-mahabbah-jabatan-pendakwaan-syariah-wilayah-persekutuan-ke-mahkamah-syariah-negeri-melaka (accessed 11 October 2019).
Marzuki. 2009. Prinsip dasar akhlak mulia: Pengantar studi konsep konsep dasar etika dalam Islam. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Debut Wahan Press.
Md Hairi Md Husain, Kamil Md Idris and Ram Al Jaffri Said. 2012. Ketelusan di dalam tadbir urus Institusi Zakat. Seminar isu-isu kontemporari zakat di Malaysia, Langkawi. 25–27 November.
Mohamad Azhan Yahya, Hammad Mohamad Dahalan and Suhaizad Saifuddin. 2021. Analisis proses pengumpulan keterangan dokumen elektronik dalam kes jenayah syariah. Islamiyyat: The International Journal of Islamic Studies 43(SI): 17–28.
Mohammad Ghozali. 2018. Konsep profesionalisme terhadap pekerjaan dalam perspektif Islam. Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengurusan dan Muamalah ke-5 2018 (ICoMM 2018), Bangi. 15–16 August.
Mohd Hafiz Asmani, Mohd Ali Mohd Noor and Hairunnizam Wahid. 2019. Persetujuan pengguna terhadap integrasi industri halal dan kewangan Islam: Apakah faktor penentunya? International Journal of Management Studies 26(2): 125–155.
Mohd Nizho Abdul Rahman, Kamarudin Ahmad and Mohd Akram Dahaman. 2015. Konsep amal jama’i (kerja berpasukan) menurut al-Quran: Satu sorotan. Seminar Wahyu Asas Tamadun IV Peringkat Antarabangsa (SWAT 2015), Negeri Sembilan. 6–7 October.
Mohd Zaidi Md Zain@Zakaria and Raihanah Hj. Abdullah. 2019. Kelewatan pengendalian kes fasakh dalam aspek Undang-Undang Tatacara Mal: Kajian kes di Selangor. Jurnal Syariah 27(3): 459–486. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol27no3.3
Muhamad Faisal Bahari and Rizal Muzawie. 2013. Kualiti perkhidmatan menurut perspektif Islam.In Islamic perspective on management: Contemporary issues, ed. Nor ‘Azzah Kamri, Azian Madun and Suhaili Sarif, 165–178. Kuala Lumpur: YaPEIM Management Academy.
Muhammad Firdaus Zakaria. 2018. Kajian pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti berteraskan syariah MS 1900 di Darul Quran, JAKIM. Masters’ diss., Jabatan Siasah Syar’iyyah, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Muhammad Firdaus Zakaria, Siti Arni Basir and Osman Md Rasip. 2021. Faedah pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti berteraskan syariah MS 1900 di Darul Quran, JAKIM. Sains Insani 6(3): 137–145. https://doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol6no3.146
Muhammad Hazrul Hamzah, Mohammad Aizat Jamaludin and Mohd Fuad Md. Sawari. 2019. The establishment of fundamental shariah compliant hospital management in Malaysia. Journal of Halal Industry and Services 2(1): 1–5.
Muhammad Hisyam Mohamad and Fadillah Mansor. 2018a. Hubung kait patuh syariah dengan konsep keberkatan: Tinjauan dalam konteks standard halal MS1900. Jurnal Pengurusan dan Penyelidikan Fatwa 13(1): 179–197. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol13no1.176
. 2018b. A conceptual study on Sharīʿah compliance on risk mitigation of MS 1900-certified companies. TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World 11(1): 113–149. https://doi.org/10.56389/tafhim.vol11no1.5
Muhammad Ilhamuddin Arsad and Mohd Norhusairi Mat Hussin. 2020. Pelanggaran etika peguam syarie: Kajian di negeri Selangor. Journal of Shariah Law Research 5(1): 55–74.
Muhammad Mushfique Ahmad Ayoup. 2017. Irsyad Al-Hadith Siri ke 217: Itqan (tekun) dalam pekerjaan. 4 October. https://muftiwp.gov.my/en/artikel/irsyad-al-hadith/649-irsyad-al-hadith-siri-ke-217-itqan-tekun-dalam-setiap-pekerjaan (accessed 26 November 2019).
Munawir Nasir Hamzah, Muhammad Ashoer and Nasir Hamzah. 2021. Impact of Islamic work values on in-role performance: Perspective from Muslim employee in Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management 19(4): 446–457. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.36
Musaiyadah Ahmadun. 2019. Pelaksanaan MS 1900 sistem pengurusan kualiti berasaskan syariah di pusat kutipan zakat Pahang. PhD diss., Jabatan Siasah Syar’iyyah Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Nor ‘Azzah Kamri. 2020. PNB dan pengurusan hotel patuh syariah [PNB and Shariah compliant hotel management]. Ulum Islamiyyah Journal 31(August), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol31no.103
Nor Safina Zainal. 2018. Manfaatkan modul tarbiah Rasulullah. 21 November. Utusan Online. https://www.utusan.com.my/mega/agama/manfaatkan-modul-tarbiah-rasulullah-1.791352 (accessed 13 July 2019).
Nur Aimuni Azman and Farhah Zaidar. 2018. Amal jama’i menurut perspektif al-Quran dan al-Sunnah. The International Conference On Contemporary Issues In Al-Quran And Hadith 2018 (Thiqah 2018), ILIM, Bangi, Selangor. 7 March.
Nurhafilah Musa. 2015. Penerapan konsep mas’uliyyah dan amanah dalam pentadbiran awam ke arah bersih rasuah – Kajian di Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu – Bandaraya Islam (MPKB-BRI). Jurnal Keputeraan 3: 1–29.
Nurul Farhanah Yahya, Hammad Mohamad Dahalan, Nur Zulfah Md Abdul Salam and Mohamad Azhan Yahya. 2020. Analisis syarat kelayakan peguam syarie menurut Islam dan perundangan di Malaysia. Current Legal Issues 2: 101–108.
Nurzatil Ismah Azizan, Sahlawati Abu Bakar, Mariam Abd. Majid, Aza Shahnaz Azman, Mazlina Che Malik and Hairol Nizam Wahid. 2017. Konsep amanah menurut perspektif hadis. Persidangan Antarabangsa Pengajian Islamiyyat kali ke-3 (Irsyad2017), Kuala Lumpur. 1–2 August.
Pernille, J. and Omar, H. 2019. Leadership adaptability and organizational agility in enhancing customer service performance. International Journal of Business and Management Studies 11(2): 78–90.
Priyanko, G., R. Mahesh and S. Kiran. 2016. The impact of accuracy and error reduction initiatives on employee stress and organizational performance. International Journal of Organizational Behavior and Management Perspectives 5(3): 45–58.
Ramizah Wan Muhammad and Khairunnasriah Abdul Salam. 2019. Kejayaan modal insan dan inovasi dalam pentadbiran Mahkamah Syariah: Membina model antarabangsa. Jurnal Syariah 27(1): 27–44. https://doi.org/10.22452/js.vol27no1.2
Roos Niza Mohd Shariff. 2019. The impact of E-networking technology in Malaysian syariah justice system. In Information and communication technology: Studies under the digital era, 55-69. Kedah: Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Rostami, H., S. Zeinali, F. Firoozi, M.A. Ameri and A. Fathi. 2020. Relationship of flexibility and resilience with Islamic work ethics. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics 7(2): 43–49. https://doi.org/10.29252/jhsme.7.2.43
Safi al-Rahman Mubarakfuri. 2010. al-Rahiq al-makhtum: bahth fi al-sirah al-nabawiyah 'ala sahibiha afdal al-salah wa-al-salam. al-Mansurah: Dar al-Wafa’.
Salle Ilham Z., Triyuwono Iwan, Unti Ludigdo and Rosidi. 2018. The concept of accountability based on the value of Islamic justice. RJOAS: Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 6(78). https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-06.31
Santosh, R. 2018. The importance of accuracy and zero-defect service delivery in customer satisfaction: A study in the service sector. International Journal of Service Industry Management 29(4): 221–235.
Shaharom Md Shariff, Shahimi Mohtar and Roslan Jamaludin. 2018. A practical journey in implementing a shari’ah compliant hospital: An Nur Specialist Hospital’s experience. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia 17(2): 177–186. https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v17i2.934
Shuhairimi Abdullah, Abdul Jalil Ramli and Noor Salwani Hussin. 2011. Pembangunan manusia yang lestari ke arah melahirkan modal insan yang holistik. Perlis: Universiti Malaysia Perlis.
Shukeri Mohamed. 2017. Syariah diamalkan kesejahteraan dinikmati. Jurnal Keputeraan Model Masyarakat Bertakwa 6: 1–18.
Siti Arni Basir. 2004. Pengurusan Islam: Konsep dan pelaksanaan. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
Siti Arni Basir, Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azmi, Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail, Patmawati Ibrahim, and Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed. 2017. Malaysian Islamic quality management system MS1900: An implementation steps at Malacca Zakat Center. Humanomics 33(2): 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1108/H-10-2016-0078
Siti Arni Basir, Sharifah Hayaati Syed Ismail, Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azmi, Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed and Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman. 2019. Nilai-nilai Islam dalam pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti ISO 9000: Kajian kes di institusi pengajian tinggi Malaysia. UMRAN – International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 6(2): 79–92. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2019.6n2.320
Siti Arni Basir, Muhammad Firdaus Zakaria and Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed. 2021. Pencapaian maqasid syariah melalui pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan kualiti berasaskan syariah MS1900: Kajian kes di Pusat Zakat Melaka. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research 18(2): 40–58. https://doi.org/10.33102/jmifr.v18i2.380
Siti Zubaidah Ismail, Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azmi and Zulfikri Yasoa. 2011. Justice delayed is justice denied?: Divorce case management in Malaysian Shariah Court. International Conference on Management Proceeding, Pulau Pinang. 13–14 June.
Sonhaji, Triyuwono Iwan, Djamhuri Ali and Mulawarman Aji Dedi. 2018. The construction of syariah management accounting objectives: Reaching liqaa-A Rabb and maqashid syariah. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 5(77): 195–204. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-05.24
Syed Shirazi Syed Husin Affandi, Teh Suhaila Tajuddin, Sri Wahyu Sakina Ahmad Sanusi and Nur Fikhriah Takril. 2015. Komitmen pengurusan terhadap kejayaan pelaksanaan “Total Quality Fast Track Management” (TQFTM) di Pusat Zakat Melaka. Prosiding Konferens Antarabangsa Masjid, Zakat dan Wakaf, Shah Alam, Selangor. 1–2 December.
Wan Muhammad Azfar. 2019. Islamic ethics practices in non-Islamic based private higher education institution: A conceptual paper. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal 11(2): 98–106.