Systematic Literature Review: The Seen and Unseen Symbols and Functions in the Barong Ket Mask

Abstract

The Barong Ket mask is a traditional mask from Bali, Indonesia. Its unique symbols and functions encompass elements of ritual, identity, visual aesthetics, culture, and power within Balinese society. It plays a significant role in religious rituals and performing arts, often regarded as a manifestation of protective forces against negative energies or malevolent spirits, such as Rangda. The Barong Ket mask embodies both visible and invisible symbols and functions. Traditional performances, such as the Barong Dance, depict the eternal struggle between good (dharma) and evil (adharma), making it a vital symbol in Balinese religious practices and socio-cultural life. This study employed a qualitative approach based on a systematic literature review, analysing 16 relevant documents. These documents were examined using specific keywords, such as “mask,” “traditional,” “ritual,” “art,” and “culture,” to identify recurring themes related to the symbols and functions of traditional masks, particularly the Barong Ket. The collected data were categorised into visible and invisible symbols and functions. The findings reveal that the visible symbols of the Barong Ket mask include ritual, identity, and visual elements, while its invisible symbols encompass cultural and authoritative aspects. The visible functions include social, historical, and practical roles, whereas the invisible ones include ritual, economic, educational, and healing roles. This research significantly enriches the understanding of the symbolic and functional values of the Barong Ket mask within the context of Balinese culture. The literature-based approach also demonstrates its potential applicability to study other cultural artefacts. Furthermore, the study provides a foundation for further exploration of the visual elements of the Barong Ket mask, such as its shape, colour, and size. The findings serve as a reference for preserving cultural heritage and advancing studies on traditional Indonesian arts and culture.