EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS ON TOURISM DESTINATION COMPETITIVENESS: THE MODERATING IMPACT OF COMMUNITY SUPPORT
Main Article Content
Abstract
Contemporarily, tourism sector is a highly competitive environment, which forces tourism players to provide better visitor services in order to stay competitive. In rural tourism, a growing niche in the tourism market, multiple components of environmental constructs play a crucial role in contributing to the sustainability and competitiveness of rural tourism destinations. Hence, this study examines the impact of environment components on development of rural tourism destination competitiveness from a local community perspective. In addition, community support was adopted as moderator variable to examine the relationship among the constructs. 299 respondents comprising of residents of rural tourism in Sarawak, Malaysia took part voluntarily in this study. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 21.0 and Smart PLS 2.0 (M3) to assess the developed model, based on path modelling and then bootstrapping. Interestingly, the findings revealed that four of the environmental constructs have had a significant positive impact on destination competitiveness from local communities' perspective.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Angelkova, T., Koteski, C., Jakovlev, Z., & Mitrevska, E. (2012). Sustainability and competitiveness of tourism. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 221–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.023
Aref, F. & Gill, S. S. (2009). Rural tourism development through rural cooperatives. Nature and Science, 7(10), 68–73.
Bagozzi, R. R., Yi, Y., & Philipps, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393203
Banks, C. E. (2010). Disentangling the influence of community and place attachment on resident attitudes toward tourism development. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Battaglini, L., Bovolenta, S., Gusmeroli, F., Salvador, S., & Sturaro, E. (2014). Environmental sustainability of Alpine livestock farms. Italian Journal of Animas Science, 13, 431–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3155
Beeton, S. (2006). Community development through tourism. Australia: Landlink Press.
Brouder, P. (2013). Tourism development in peripheral areas: Processes of local innovation and change in Northern Sweden (Doctoral dissertation). Ostersund: Mid Swedish University.
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the Competitive Destination of the Future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3
Butler, R. V. (1997). The Concept of Carrying Capacity for Tourism Destinations: Dead or Merely Buried? In C. Cooper and S. Wanhill (Eds.), Tourism development: Environmental and community issues. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Cai, L. & Li, M. (2009). Distance-segmented rural tourists. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(8), 751–761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548400903356137
Candrea, A. N. (2013). Ecotourism development in Romania – A possible contribution to the fulfillment of the real convergence criteria for euro adoption. Bulletin of the Rransilvania University of Brasov, 6(1), 90–96.
Cavender-Bares, J., Heffernan, J., King, E., Polasky, S., Balvanera, P., & Clark, W. C. (2013). Sustainability and biodiversity. In S. A. Levin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of biodiversity Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (pp. 71–84). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00390-7
Cawley, M. & Gillmor, D. A. (2008). Integrated rural tourism: Concepts and practice. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 316–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.07.011
Chandralal, K. P. L. (2010). Impacts of tourism and community attitude towards tourism: A case study in Sri Lanka. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 3(2), 41–49.
Chen, H. J., Chen, P. J., & Okumus, F. (2013). The relationship between travel constraints and destination image: A case study of Brunei. Tourism Management, 35, 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.004
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern business research methods. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chin, W. W. (2010). How to write up and report PLS analyses. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and application (pp. 645–689). New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_29
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003). A partial least squares latent variable modeling approach for measuring interaction effects: Results from a monte carlo simulation study and electronic mail emotion/ adoption study. Information System Research, 14(2), 189–217.
Cimbaljevic, M. & Bucic, A. (2015). Competitiveness of a Travel Destination – A Case Study of Montenegro in Relation to Relevant Models of Competitiveness. Proceedings of the International Student Conference in Tourism Research – ISCONTOUR 2015 Tourism Research Perspectives, 271–284.
Crouch, G. I. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44, 137–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00196-3
Deery, M., Jago, B.L., & Fredline, L. (2012) Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda. Tourism Management, 33, 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.026
Diaz, M. R. & Rodriguez, T. F. E. (2008). A model of strategic evaluation of a tourism destination based on internal and relational capabilities. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 368–380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287507308324
Dwyer, L. (2001). Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators (Unpublished Report).
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Rao, P. (2000). The price competitiveness of travel and tourism: a comparison of 19 destinations. Tourism Management, 21(1), 9–22.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369–414.
Dwyer, L., Mistilis, N., Forsyth, P., & Rao, P. (2001). International price competitiveness of Australia's MICE industry. The International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 123–139.
Egbali, N., Nosrat, A. B., & Ali-pour, S. K. S. (2011). Effects of positive and negative rural tourism (case study: Rural Semnan Province). Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4(2), 63–76.
Er, A. C., & Simon, S. (2015). Marketing Mix of Ecotourism Product in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 39–47.
Erdeji, I., Gagic, S., Jovicic, A., & Medic, S. (2013). Development of rural tourism in Serbia. Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning, 20(Special Issue), 309–315.
Erokhin, V., Heijman, W., & Ivolga, A. (2014). Sustainable rural development in Russia through diversification: The case of the Stavropol Region. Visegr. Journal Bioecon. Sustainable Development, 1, 20–25.
Fallon, L. D., & Kriwoken, L. K. (2003). Community involvement in tourism infrastructure: the case of the Strahan Visitor Centre, Tasmania. Tourism Management, 24, 289–308.
Faulkner, B., & Tideswell, C. (2005). Rejuvenating a maturing tourist destination: The case study. Fernando, I. N., & Long W. (2012). New conceptual model on cluster competitiveness: A new paradigm for tourism? International Journal of Business and Management, 7(9), 75–84.
Fons, M. V. S., Fierro, J. A. M., & Patino, M. G. Y. (2011). Rural tourism: A sustainable alternative. Applied Energy, 88, 551–557.
Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. L. (1982). Two structural equation model: LISREL and PLS applied to consumer exit-voice theory. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 440–452.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
Gannon (1988). In Kloeze, J. W. (1994). The benefit of rural tourism, the role of the state, and the aspects of the training and co-operation. Formal Speech held at the Central and East European Federation for the Promotion of the Green-Soft Rural Tourism Conference “Rural Tourism Development in Bulgaria and in the Balkan Countries.
Gebhard, K., Meyer, M., & Roth, S. (2007). Criteria for sustainable tourism for the three Biosphere Reserves. Ecological Tourism in Europe and UNESCO MaB.
Gefen D., Straub, D. W., & Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 1–70.
Glasson, J., Godfrey, K., & Goodey, B. (1995). Toward Visitor Impact Management. London: Avebury.
Go, F. M., & Govers, R. (2000). Integrated quality management for tourist destinations: A European perspective on achieving competitiveness. Tourism Management, 21, 79–88.
Gomezelj, D. O., & Mihalic, T. (2008). Destination competitiveness – Applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29, 294–307.
Goodwin, J. J. D. (2008). Sustainable tourism development in the Caribbean Island NationStates. Michigan Journal of Public Affairs, 5, 1–16.
Gooroochurn, N., & Sugiyarto, G. (2005). Competitiveness indicators in the travel tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 25–43.
Goulding, R., Horan, E., & Tozzi, L. (2014). The importance of sustainable tourism in reversing the trend in the economic downturn and population decline of rural communities. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 12(3), 549–563.
Gudergan, S. P., Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2008). Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling. Journal of Business Research, 1–12.
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes – A structural modeling Approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River: NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, C. M., & Boyd, S. (2005). Nature-based Tourism in peripheral areas: Development or disaster?. Clevedon, UK: Channel View.
Hankinson, G. (2004). The brand images of tourism destinations: a study of the saliency of organic images. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 13(1), 6–14.
Harrill, R. (2004). Residents' attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implication for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18(3), 251?66.
Hassan, S. S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 239–245.
Helm, S., Eggert, A., & Garnefeld, I. (2010). Modeling the impact of corporate reputation on customer satisfaction and loyalty using partial least squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications (pp. 515–534).
Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. Hocquette, J. F., & Chatellier, V. (2011). Prospects for the European beef sector over the next 30 years. Retrieved from http://www.animalfrontiers.org/content/1/2/20.full.pdf+html
Hsueh, Y. H., & Yeh, H. M. (2014). Mapping spatial relationships among travel nodes for tourism development. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2(2), 199–211.
Huh, C., & Vogt, C. A. (2008). Changes in residents' attitudes toward tourism over time: A cohort analytical approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 446–455.
Hunziker, M., Felber, P., Gehring, K., Buchecker, M., Bauer, N., & Kienast, F. (2008). Evaluation of landscape change by different social groups. Mountain Research and Development, 28(2), 140–147.
Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: An integrated and sustainable development approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Ite, U. E. (1996). Community perception of the cross river national park. Nigeria Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 351–357.
Jafari, J. (2000). Encyclopedia of tourism. London: Routledge.
Jamal, T., & Stronza, A. (2009). Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: Stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17, 169–189.
Jennifer, K., Strickland-Munro, J. K., Allison, H. E., & Moore, S. A. (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(2), 499–519.
Jones, S. (2005). Community-based ecotourism: The significance of social capital. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 303–324.
Jurowski, C. (1994). The Interplay of elements Affecting Host Community Resident Attitudes toward Tourism: A Path Analytic Approach (Doctoral dissertation). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Jurowski, C., & Gursoy, D. (2004). Distance effects on residents' attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 296–312.
Kalaiya, A. B., & Kumar, A. (2015). Tourism as a development tool: A study on role of tourism in economic development, employment generation and poverty reduction: Special focus on Kachchh. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 3(7), 189–197.
Kaul, R. N. (1985). Dynamics of tourism: A trilogy, Vol. 111. New Delhi: Transportation and Marketing.
Kayar, C. H., & Kozak, N. (2008). Measuring destination competitiveness: An application of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index. The 4th World Conference for Graduate Research in Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure.
Khadaroo, J., & Seetanah, B. (2008). The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, 29, 831–840.
Kim, N. (2012). Tourism destination competitiveness, globalization, and strategic development from a development economics perspective. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Recreation, Sport and Tourism in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Knollenberg, W. (2011). Stakeholders' attitudes towards sustainable tourism development in coastal communities. A dissertation presented to the Faculty in Sustainable Tourism, the Graduate School, East Carolina University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master Science in Sustainable Tourism.
Ko, D. W., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of resident's attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521–530.
Kotane, I. (2011). Culture as an element of sustainable development and urban attraction capacity. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 2(26).
Kulcsar, N. (2009). Rural tourism in Hungary: The key of competitiveness. Proceedings of FIKUSZ '09 Symposium for Young Researchers, 121–127.
Lane, B. (2009). Rural tourism: An Overview. In M. Robinson, & T. Jamal (Eds), The SAGE handbook of tourism studies (pp. 354–370). London: Sage Publications.
Lee, T. H. (2011). How recreation involvement, place attachment and conservation commitment affect environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 895–915.
Lee, C. F., & King, B. (2008). Assessing destination competitiveness: An application to the hot springs tourism sector. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 341–352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.661
Lepp, A. (2007). Residents' attitudes towards tourism in Bigodi village, Uganda. Tourism Management, 28, 876–885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.004
Lepp, A., & Holland, S. (2006). A comparison of attitudes toward state-led conservation and community-based conservation in the village of Bigodi, Uganda. Society & Natural Resources, 19(7), 609–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920600742377
Lewis, J. (1998). A rural tourism development model. Tourism Analysis, 2, 91–105.
Lin, L. Z., & Yeh, H. R. (2013). Analysis of tour values to develop enablers using an interpretive hierarchy-based model in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 34, 133–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.004
Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: a critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11, 459–475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667216
Liu, A. (2006). Tourism in rural areas: Kedah, Malaysia. Tourism Management, 27, 878–889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.007
Lokuhetty, A., Jayawardena, C., & Mudadeniya, D. (2013). Developing a shared vision for tourism in post- ward Sri Lanka. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 5(5), 486–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-05-2013-0030
Lo, M. C., Mohamad, A. A., Songan, P., & Yeo, A. W. (2012). Positioning rural tourism: perspectives from the local communities. International Journal of Trade, Economics, and Finance, 3(1), 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2012.V3.173
Lo, M. C., Ramayah, T., Songan, P., & Nair, V. (2013). Attitude of communities toward rural tourism development. Life Science Journal, 10(10s), 311–322.
Lo, M. C., Songan, P., Mohamad, A. A., & Yeo, A. W. (2013). Rural tourism and destination image: Community perception in tourism planning. The Macrotheme Review, 2(1), 102–118.
Maddox, R. N. (1985). Measuring satisfaction with tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 23(3), 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728758502300301
Mak, W., Cheung, R., & Law, L. (2009). Sense of community in Hong Kong: relations with community-level characteristics and residents' well-being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(1), 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9242-z
Manuel, J. L-B., & Miguel, L. L-B. (2008). Measuring social carrying capacity: An exploratory study. TOURISMOS: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 3(1), 116–134.
Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 628–644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/jost723.0
Matarrita-Cascante, D., Brennan, M. A., & Luloff, A. E. (2010). Community agency and sustainable tourism development: The case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 735–756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653526
Mathew, V. (2009). Sustainable tourism: A case of destination competitiveness in South Asia. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 2(1), 83–89.
Mazilu, M., & Stancioiu, F. (2009). Tourist destination competitiveness: Between desirable and imperative. Geography Series, 12, 176–188.
Mbaiwa, J. E. (2008). Tourism development, rural livelihoods, and conservation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A Dissertation submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
McIntosh, R. W., Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1995). Tourism: Principles, practices, and philosophies (7th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Melo, F. V. S., & Farias, S. A. D. (2014). Sustainability as an identity factor of tourist destinations at websites: Does the consumer care? Brazilian Business Review, 11(2), 135–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2014.11.2.6
Mihalic, T. (2000). Environmental management of a tourist destination: A factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management, 21, 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00096-5
Miller, G. (2001). The development of indicators for sustainable tourism: Results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers. Tourism Management, 22, 351–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00067-4
Miller, M. A. L. (2006). Paradise Sold, Paradise Lost: Jamaica's Environment and culture in the tourism marketplace. In Baver and Lynch, 35–43.
Miranda, E. M. (2007). Gang injunctions and community participation. University of Southern California.
Mo, C., Howard, D. R., & Havitz, M. E. (1993). Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 319–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(93)90058-B
Mohamad, A. A., Lo, M. C., Songan, P., & Yeo, A. W. (2012). Dimensionality of communities' belief attitude toward rural tourism development. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 6(2), 245–254.
Moric, I. (2013). Clusters as a factor of rural tourism competitiveness: Montenegro experiences. Business Systems Research, 4(2), 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2013-0015
Muganda, M., Sirima, A., & Ezra, P. M. (2013). The role of local communities in tourism development: Grassroots perspectives from Tanzania. Journal of Human Ecological, 41(1), 53–66.
Murphy, P., Pritchard, M., & Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tourism Management, 21, 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00080-1
Musa, G. (2000). Tourism in Malaysia. In C. M. Hall, & S. Page (Eds.), Tourism in South and South-East Asia: Issues and cases (pp. 144–156). Oxford, England: Butterworth Heinemann.
Nghi, T., Lan, N. T., Thai, N. D., Mai, D., & Thanh, D. X. (2007). Tourism carrying capacity assessment for Phong Nhake Bang and Dong Hoi, Quang Binh Province. VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences, 23, 80–87.
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Modelling community support for a proposed integrated resort project. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 257–277.
Okech, R. N. (2011). Ecotourism development and challenges: A Kenyan experience. Tourism Anal., 16(1), 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354211X12988225899967
Papeli, Y., Mohamad, H., & Mehdi, S. (2007). Tourism (nature and concepts). Samt Publication.
Park, D. B., & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30, 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.03.011
PEMANDU (2010). Performance Management and Delivery Unit. Chapter 1: New Economic Model of Malaysia. Retrieved February 2, 2011 from http://etp.pemandu.gov.my/downloadcenter-@-download_center.aspx.
Peptenatu, D., Pintilii, R. D., Dr?ghici, C. C., & Stoian, D. (2009). Territorial disparities concerning the distribution of the tourist services quality in Romani. Geography Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 2(4), 105–117.
Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 586–599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90029-Q
Pesonen, J. A. (2012). Segmentation of rural tourists: Combining push and pull motivations. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 18(1), 69–82.
Prideaux, B. (2000). The role of the transport system in destination development. Tourism Management, 21, 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00079-5
Rahmani, S. M., Hajari, B., Karimian, T., & Hajilo, M. (2013). Rural tourism development strategies using SWOT analysis: Case study. Life Science Journal, 10(4s), 395–403.
Ratz, T., & Puczko, L. (1998). Rural tourism management: Sustainable options. International Conference, September, SAC, Auchincruive, Scotland-Part 1.
Reimer, J. K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of Southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management, 34, 122–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.002
Riquelme, H. E., & Rios, R. E. (2010). The moderating effect of gender in the adoption of mobile banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 28(5), 328–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02652321011064872
Ritchie, B. J. R., & Crouch, G. I. (1993). Competitiveness in international tourism – A framework for understanding and analysis. Reports on 43rd Congress, 35, 23–71.
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2000). The competitive destination, a sustainable perspective. Tourism Management, 21(1), 1–7.
Royo-Vela, M. (2009). Rural-cultural excursion conceptualization: A local tourism marketing management model based on tourist destination image measurement. Tourism Management, 30(3), 419–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.07.013
Ruiz-Molina, M. E, Gil-Saura, I., & Moliner-Velázquez, B. (2010). The role of information technology in relationships between travel agencies and their suppliers, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 1(2), 144–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881011065047
Saarinen, J. (2006). Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 1121–1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.007
Sanjay, K. (2008). Tourism-induced rural energy consumption in the annapurna region of Nepal. Tourism Management, 29, 89–100.
Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy. (2012). Economic Corridors: Your Gateway to Investing in Malaysia. Retrieved December 29, 2015 from myCorridor: http:// www.mycorridor.malaysia.gov.my/IC/SCORE/Pages/default.aspx
Scales, I. R. (2014a). The future of conservation and development in Madagascar: time for a new paradigm? Madagascar Conservation & Development, 9(1), 5–12.
Scales, I. R. (2014b). The future of biodiversity conservation and environmental management in Madagascar: lessons from the past and challenges ahead. In I. R.
Scales (Ed.), Conservation and environmental management in Madagascar (pp. 342–360). London and New York: Routledge.
Sedmak, G., & Mihalic, T. (2008). Authenticity in mature seaside resorts. Ann. Tourism Res., 35(4), 1007–1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.07.004
Sekaran, U. (2000). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (5th ed.). United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Sekhar, N. U. (2003). Local people's attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 69, 339–347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.002
Sharma, B., & Dyer, P. (2009). Residents' involvement in tourism and their perceptions of tourism impacts. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 16(3), 351–371.
Sheldon, P., & Abenoja, T. (2001). Resident attitudes in a mature destination: The case of Waikiki. Tourism Management, 22, 435–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00009-7
Spencer, D. M., & Nsiah, C. (2013). The economic consequences of community support for tourism: A case study of a heritage fish hatchery. Tourism Management, 34, 221–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.003
Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002
Su, M. M., & Wall, G. (2009). The Qing-Tibet railway and Tibetan tourism: Travelers perspectives. Tourism Management, 30, 650–657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.024
Swarbrooke, J. (2002). Sustainable tourism management. Oxon: CABI Publishing.
Taylor, M. (2000). Life, Land and Power, Contesting Development in Northern Botswana (Doctoral dissertation). University of Edinburgh.
Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27, 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.004
Tozser, A. (2010). Competitive tourism destination: Developing a new model of tourism competitiveness (Unpublished Doctoral thesis) at University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economic.
Trukhachev, A. (2015). Methodology for evaluating the rural tourism potentials: A tool to ensure sustainable development of rural settlements. Sustainability, 7, 3052–3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7033052
Tsonis, J. L., Cheuk, S., Ing, G. P., & Razli, I. A. (2009). An examination of the challenges faced in economic socio-cultural and environmental aspects of transport development and tourism in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(4), 522–534.
Vengesayi, S. (2003). A conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness and attractiveness. ANZMAC Conference Proceedings Adelaide.
Warren, C. (2013). Encouraging rural tourism to embrace bush fire risk management through business and visitor improvement strategies. International Centre for Responsible Tourism – Australia.
Weladji, R. B., Stein, R. M., & Vedeld, P. (2003). Stakeholder Attitudes Towards Wildlife Policy and the Bonoe Wildlife Conservation Area, North Cameroon. Environmental Conservation, 30(4), 334–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000353
Wilde, S. J., & Cox, C. (2008). Linking destination competitiveness and destination development: Findings from a mature Australian tourism destination. Proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA) European Chapter Conference – Competition in Tourism: Business and Destination Perspectives, Helsinki, Finland, 467–478.
Williams, K. J. H., & Cary, J. (2002). Landscape preferences, ecological quality, and biodiversity protection. Environment and Behavior, 34(2), 257–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034002006m
World Tourism Organization. (1994) Global tourism forecasts to the Year 2000 and Beyond. Madrid: WTO.
World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), (2015). Economic Impact of Travel & Tourism: 2015 Annual Update Summary. Report. Available at https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regional%202015/world2015.pdf
Yoon, Y. (1998). Determinants of urban residents perceived impacts: A study of Williamsburg and Virginia Beach areas (Unpublished master thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
Yoon, Y. (2002). Development of a structural model for tourism destination competitiveness from stakeholders' perspectives. Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hospitality and Tourism Management.
Yoon, Y., Gursoy, D., & Chen, J. (2000). Validating a tourism development theory with structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 22(4), 363–372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00062-5
Yu, A. (2014). Study on the development of county tourism. International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC 2014), 673–676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.172
Yu, C. P., Chancellor, H. C., & Cole, S. T. (2011). Examining the effects of tourism impacts on resident quality of life: Evidence from rural Midwestern communities in USA. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 11(2), 161–186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2011.11434643
Zeinali, B., & Jafarpour, M. (2015). Does visitors' demographics, status, length-of-stay, and travel party affect loyalty indicators? A case of visitors to El-Golu Park, Iran. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 3(1), 24–40.
Zhang, H., & Lei, S. L. (2012). A structural model of residents' intention to participate in ecotourism, the Case of a wetland community. Tourism Management, 33, 916–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.012
Zoto, S., Qirici, E., & Polena, E. (2013). Agrotourism – A sustainable development for rural area of Korca. European Academic Research, 1(2), 209–223.