Multidimensional Poverty Index Among B40 in Kuala Krai, Kelantan

Abstract

Poverty is a complex phenomenon that can affect individuals and households through multiple and interconnected dimensions. Identifying and measuring poverty is an essential first step towards understanding its causes and developing appropriate interventions. This study aimed to identify the indicators of multidimensional poverty among B40 households in Kuala Krai and examine their needs in overcoming poverty. Poverty can generally be measured using two approaches: unidimensional measurement, which primarily assesses poverty based on income, and multidimensional measurement, which considers a broader range of economic, social, and spatial dimensions of human well-being. B40 households, which represent Malaysia's lower-income households, are particularly vulnerable to multidimensional forms of poverty. The study was conducted among 153 households in Kampung Lubuk Simpul, Kuala Krai, using questionnaires, indirect interviews, and observations for data collection. Quantitative methods, including factor analysis, cross-tabulation, and frequency analysis, were employed to examine the dimensions and indicators associated with poverty. The findings indicate that, in addition to economic factors, social and spatial factors contribute significantly to multidimensional poverty among B40 households. These findings highlight the importance of considering poverty from a multidimensional perspective rather than relying solely on household income. As Malaysia continues to pursue economic and social development, B40 households should not be marginalised from the benefits and opportunities associated with national development. Addressing multidimensional poverty requires coordinated interventions that consider the diverse needs and circumstances of affected households. The study therefore recommends that relevant authorities adopt a multidimensional approach to poverty identification and intervention, enabling policies and programmes to address the economic, social, and spatial factors that constrain household well-being. The findings can contribute to improving existing poverty-reduction strategies and supporting Malaysia's efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly the goal of ending poverty in all its forms.