Process Need Areas and Technology Adoption in Construction Site Management
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study explores the areas of process need in construction site management and technology utilisation to address those needs within the construction industry. An exploratory case study was used, with a focus on process need areas that could be impacted by technology infusion. Results highlight the impact of human limitations on management performance and poor utilisation of available relevant technology in the presence of managerial lapses. Inherent limitations of case study strategy were experienced in the form of number of cases and achieving uniformity of features. Nevertheless, the cases provided rich cross-validating data. The article provides empirical insights about the possibility of construction site management benefiting from increased exploitation of technology to address management shortcomings. The article highlights the need to understand individual projects in terms of site management process needs and opportunities in recent information and communication technology (ICT) to address such need areas, by linking potential utility in technology to lapses in the management process of construction sites. The study provides a baseline understanding of relevant concepts of ICT adoption in site management. While considerable interest exists regarding technology use in construction, studies explicitly contextualised within process need areas in site management and with management-centred view remain sparse.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abbasian-Hosseini, S., Hsiang, S., Leming, M. and Liu, M. (2014). From social network to data envelopment analysis: Identifying benchmarks at the site management level. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(8): 04014028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000875.
Ahn, Y., Kwak, Y. and Suk, S. (2015). Contractors' transformation strategies for adopting building information modeling. ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, 32(1): 05015005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000390.
Aje, I.O., Oladinrin, T.O. and Nwaole, A.N.C. (2016). Factors influencing success rate of contractors in competitive bidding for construction works in SouthEast, Nigeria. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 21(1): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2016.21.1.2.
Ajzen, I. (1991). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4): 665– 683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x.
Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology and Health, 26(9): 1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995.
Akhavian, R. and Behzadan, A.H. (2016). Smartphone-based construction workers' activity recognition and classification. Automation in Construction, 71: 198– 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.015.
Aljassmi, H. and Han, S. (2014). Classification and occurrence of defective acts in residential construction projects. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(2): 175–185. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801885.
Ameen, N. and Willis, R. (2018). An analysis of the moderating effect of age on smartphone adoption and use in the united Arab Emirates. Social Transformation: Proceedings of the 23rd UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) International Conference. Oxford: UKAIS.
Arslan, M., Riaz, Z., Kiani, A.K. and Azhar, S. (2014). Real-time environmental monitoring, visualization and notification system for construction H&S management. ITcon, 19: 72–91.
Aryal, A., Ghahramani, A. and Becerik-Gerber, B. (2017). Monitoring fatigue in construction workers using physiological measurements. Automation in Construction, 82: 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.03.003.
Awolusia, I., Marksb, E. and Hallowell, M. (2018). Wearable technology for personalized construction safety monitoring and trending: Review of applicable devices. Automation in Construction, 85: 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.010.
Barratt, M., Choi, T. and Li, M. (2011). Qualitative case studies in operations management: Trends, research outcomes and future research implications. Journal of Operations Management, 29(4): 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jom.2010.06.002.
Beardsworth, A., Keil, E., Bresnen, M. and Bryman, A. (1988). Management, transience and subcontracting: The case of the construction site. Journal of Management Studies, 25(6): 603–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1988.tb00049.x.
Becerik-Gerber, B., Ku, K. and Jazizadeh, F. (2012). BIM-enabled virtual and collaborative construction engineering and management. ASCE Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 138(3): 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000098.
Bitner, M., Brown, S. and Meuter, M. (2000). Technology infusion in service encounters. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1): 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300281013.
Booth, R. and Lee, T. (1995). The role of human factors and safety culture in safety management. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 209(5): 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1995_209_098_02.
Braun, A., Tuttas, S., Borrmann, A. and Stilla, U. (2015). A concept for automated construction progress monitoring using BIM-based geometric constraints and photogrammetric point clouds. ITcon, 20: 68–79.
Bresnen, M., Bryman, A., Ford, J., Keil, E., Beardsworth, A., Jepson, M. and Wray, K. (1984). Effective construction site management: A review. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 110(4): 420–436. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(1984)110:4(420).
Bryde, D., Broquetas, M. and Volm, J. (2013). The project benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM). International Journal of Project Management, 31(7): 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.001.
Chae, H., Koh, C. and Prybutok, V. (2014). Information technology capability and firm performance: Contradictory findings and their possible causes. MIS Quarterly, 38(1): 305–326. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2014/38.1.14.
Chege, L.W., Coetzee, G. and Malachi, J. (2001). e-Commerce and value chain management: The prospects and challenges for the South African construction industry. Proceedings of CIB-W78 International Conference IT in Construction in Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR, Division of Building and Construction Technology.
Cheng, T. and Teizer, J. (2013). Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications. Automation in Construction, 34: 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.10.017.
Chileshe, N., Rameezdeen, R., Hosseini, R., Lehmann, S. and Udeaja, C. (2016). Analysis of reverse logistics implementation practices by South Australian construction organisations. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 36(3): 332–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-01-2014-0024.
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) (2015). Application for contractor registration. Available at: http://www.cidb.org.za/publications/Documents/app_form_registration_grade_%202_9_july_2015.pdf [Accessed on 29 January 2016].
Cooper, R.B. and Zmud, R.W. (1990). Information technology implementation research: A technological diffusion approach. Management Science, 36(2): 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.2.123.
Davis, K. (2013). Different stakeholder groups and their perceptions of project success. International Journal of Project Management, 32(2): 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.02.006.
De Guinea, A. and Markus, M. (2009). Why break the habit of a lifetime? Rethinking the roles of intention, habit and emotion in continuing information technology use. MIS Quarterly, 33(3): 433–444. https://doi.org/10.2307/20650303.
Dong, C., Li, H., Luo, X., Ding, L., Seibert, J. and Luo, H. (2018). Proactive struckby risk detection with movement patterns and randomness. Automation in Construction, 91: 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.03.021.
Easterby-Smith, M. (2011). Management Research. 4th Ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385.
Enegbuma, W.I., Aliagha, G.U., Ali, K.N. and Badiru, Y.Y. (2016). Confirmatory strategic information technology implementation for building information modelling adoption model. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 21(2): 113–129.
Fang, Q., Li, H., Luo, X., Ding, L., Luo, H., Rose, T.M. and An, W. (2018). Detecting non-hardhat-use by a deep learning method from far-field surveillance videos. Automation in Construction, 85: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.09.018.
Fang, W., Ding, L., Luo, H. and Love, P.E.D. (2018). Falls from heights: A computer visionbased approach for safety harness detection. Automation in Construction, 91: 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.02.018.
Filippini, R. (1997). Operations management research: Some reflections on evolution, models and empirical studies in OM. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 17(7): 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443579710175583.
Flynn, B., Sakakibara, S., Schroeder, R., Bates, K. and Flynn, E. (1990). Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of Operations Management, 9(2): 250–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(90)90098-X.
Garcia, G.J.C., Arditi, D. and Le, K.T. (2014). Construction progress control (CPC) application for smartphone. ITcon, 19: 92–103.
Gatti, U., Schneider, S. and Migliaccio, G. (2014). Physiological condition monitoring of construction workers. Automation in Construction, 44: 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.04.013.
González, V., Alarcón, L., Maturana, S. and Bustamante, J. (2011). Site management of work-in-process buffers to enhance project performance using the reliable commitment model: Case study. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 137(9): 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000346.
Green, S. (1998). The technocratic totalitarianism of construction process improvement: A critical perspective. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 5(4): 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-232X.1998.54077.x.
Grilo, A. and Jardim-Goncalves, R. (2010). Value proposition on interoperability of BIM and collaborative working environments. Automation in Construction, 19(5): 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.11.003.
Grix, J. (2004). The Foundations of Research. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Guo, H., Yu, Y., Xiang, T., Li, H. and Zhang, D. (2017). The availability of wearabledevice-based physical data for the measurement of construction workers' psychological status on site: From the perspective of safety management. Automation in Construction, 82: 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.06.001.
Han, K. and Golparvar-Fard, M. (2015). Appearance-based material classification for monitoring of operation-level construction progress using 4D BIM and site photologs. Automation in Construction, 53: 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.02.007.
Handfield, R. and Melnyk, S. (1998). The scientific theory-building process: A primer using the case of TQM. Journal of Operations Management, 16(4): 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(98)00017-5.
Hwanga, S. and Leeb, S. (2017). Wristband-type wearable health devices to measure construction workers' physical demands. Automation in Construction, 83: 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.06.003.
Ibem, E.O. and Laryea, S. (2014). Survey of digital technologies in procurement of construction projects. Automation in Construction, 46: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.07.003.
Idoro, G.I. (2011). Effect of mechanisation on occupational health and safety performance in the Nigerian construction industry. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 16(2): 27–45.
Kang, L.S., Kim, H.S., Moon, H.S. and Kim, S. (2016). Managing construction schedule by telepresence: Integration of site video feed with an active nD CAD simulation. Automation in Construction, 68: 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.04.003.
Kelm, A., Laußat, L., Meins-Becker, A., Platz, D., Khazaee, M.J., Costin, A.M., Helmus, M. and Teizer, J. (2013). Mobile passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) portal for automated and rapid control of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on construction sites. Automation in Construction, 36: 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.08.009
Ketokivi, M. and Choi, T. (2014). Renaissance of case research as a scientific method. Journal of Operations Management, 32(5): 232–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2014.03.004.
Kim, C., Park, T., Lim, H. and Kim, H. (2013). On-site construction management using mobile computing technology. Automation in Construction, 35: 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.05.027.
Kindström, D., Kowalkowski, C. and Sandberg, E. (2013). Enabling service innovation: A dynamic capabilities approach. Journal of Business Research, 66(8): 1063– 1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.03.003.
Kowalkowski, C., Kindström, D. and Gebauer, H. (2013). ICT as a catalyst for service business orientation. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 28(6): 506– 513. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-04-2013-0096.
Kozinets, R. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1): 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935.
Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Lai, P.C. (2017). The literature review of technology adoption models and theories for the novelty technology. Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 14(1): 21–38. https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807-17752017000100002.
Lee, J., Park, Y., Choi, C. and Han, C. (2017). BIM-assisted labor productivity measurement method for structural formwork. Automation in Construction, 84: 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.08.009.
Lee, W., Lin, K., Seto, E. and Migliaccio, G.C. (2017). Wearable sensors for monitoring on-duty and off-duty worker physiological status and activities in construction. Automation in Construction, 83: 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.06.012.
Lin, K., Tsai, M., Gatti, U., Lin, J., Lee, C. and Kang, S. (2014). A user-centered information and communication technology (ICT) tool to improve safety inspections. Automation in Construction, 48: 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.08.012.
Love, P., Lopez, R. and Kim, J. (2014). Design error management: Interaction of people, organisation and the project environment in construction. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 10(6): 811–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2013.767843.
Mead, G. (1938). The Philosophy of the Act. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Meredith, J., Raturi, A., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Kaplan, B. (1989). Alternative research paradigms in operations. Journal of Operations Management, 8(4): 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-6963(89)90033-8.
Miles, M. and Huberman, A. (1984). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Source Book of New Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
Mo, Y., Kang, T., Zhang, H., Hong, D. and Lim, M. (2014). Development of 3D camerabased robust bolt-hole detection system for bolting cabin. Automation in Construction, 44: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.03.022.
Mohamed, S. and Anumba, C. (2006). Potential for improving site management practices through knowledge management. Construction Innovation, 6(4): 232–249. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714170610713917.
Mustapha, F. and Naoum, S. (1998). Factors influencing the effectiveness of construction site managers. International Journal of Project Management, 16(1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00025-2.
Nassar, N. and AbouRizk, S. (2014). Practical application for integrated performance measurement of construction projects. ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(6): 04014027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000287.
Ofori, G. and Toor, S. (2012). Leadership and construction industry development in developing countries. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 17(Supp. 1): 1–21.
Ojiako, U. (2012). Using IS/IT to enhance service delivery. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 112(4): 584–599. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211225495.
Ojiako, U., Froise, T., Shakantu, W., Ozumba, A.O., Alasdir, M. and Chipulu, M. (2016). Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a collaborative tool in construction project delivery. Proceedings of UK Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) Information Systems Comes of Age: 21 Years, Looking Back to Look Forward. Oxford: UKAIS.
Ojiako, U., Maguire, S. and Chipulu, M. (2013). Thematic elements underlying the delivery of services in high-contact public service encounters. Production Planning and Control, 24(6): 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2011.642485.
Omar, T. and Nehdi, M.L. (2016). Data acquisition technologies for construction progress tracking. Automation in Construction, 70: 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.06.016.
Özer, G. and Yilmaz, E. (2011). Comparison of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior: An application on accountants' information technology usage. African Journal of Business Management, 5(1): 50–58.
Ozumba, A.O.U. (2013). Exploiting the adaptability in information and communication technologies to improve the site management process. PhD diss. Nelson Mandela University.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2018). Exploring challenges to ICT utilisation in construction site management. Construction Innovation, 18(3): 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-03-2017-0027.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2017). Market availability of information and communication technologies and their adoption in site management in South Africa. Association of Schools of Construction of Southern Africa (ASOCSA), The Eleventh Built Environment Conference, Conference Proceedings. Penhill Estate, South Africa: ASOCSA.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2014). Exploring the knowledge function in the adoption of ICT in site management in South Africa. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 4(2): 990–1011.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2013). Investigating barriers to ICT adoption in site management: A pilot study in South Africa. Paper presented at the RICS COBRA Conference. New Delhi, India, 10–12 September.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2012). ICT in site management process: A pilot study in South Africa. RICS COBRA Conference. Las Vegas, USA, 11–13 September.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2009). Balancing site information and communication technology systems with available ICT skills. Paper presented at the RICS COBRA Conference. Cape Town, 10–11 September.
Ozumba, A.O.U. and Shakantu, W. (2008). Achieving ubiquity in the site management process through ICT. Paper presented at the RICS COBRA Conference. Ireland, September.
Park, M. and Brilakis, I. (2016). Continuous localization of construction workers via integration of detection and tracking. Automation in Construction, 72: 129– 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.039.
Parthasarathy, M.K., Murugasan, R. and Murugesan, K. (2017). A critical review of factors affecting manpower and equipment productivity in tall building construction projects. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 22(Supp. 1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2017.22.supp1.1.
Parvan, K., Rahmandad, H. and Haghani, A. (2015). Inter-phase feedbacks in construction projects. Journal of Operations Management, 39: 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2015.07.005.
Porwal, A. and Hewage, K. (2013). Building Information Modeling (BIM) partnering framework for public construction projects. Automation in Construction, 31: 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2012.12.004.
Rajendran, S., Clarke, B. and Whelan, M. (2013). Contract issues and construction safety management. Professional Safety, 58(9): 56–62.
Razavi, S.N., Montaser, A. and Moselhi, O. (2012). RFID deployment protocols for indoor construction. Construction Innovation, 12(2): 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1108/14714171211215967.
Rogers, E.M., Singhal, A. and Quinlan, M.M. (2006). Diffusion of innovations. In D. Stacks and M. Salwen (eds.), An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. Oxon, UK: Routledge. Rosenthal, S. (2018). Procedural information and behavioral control: Longitudinal analysis of the intention-behavior gap in the context of recycling. Recycling, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3010005.
Rotolo, D., Hicks, D. and Martin, B. (2015). What is an emerging technology? Research Policy, 44(10): 1827–1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.06.006.
Serpell, A. and Alarcon, L. (1998). Construction process improvement methodology for construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 16(4): 215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00052-5.
Shore, L., Power, V., de Eyto, A. and O'Sullivan, L.W. (2018). Technology acceptance and user-centred design of assistive exoskeletons for older adults: A commentary. Robotics, 7(1): 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics7010003.
Singh, V. and Holmström, J. (2015). Needs and technology adoption: Observation from BIM experience. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 22(2): 128–150. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2014-0124.
Singh, V., Gu, N. and Wang, X. (2011). A theoretical framework of a BIM-based multi-disciplinary collaboration platform. Automation in Construction, 20(2): 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.09.011.
Stuart, I., McCutcheon, D., Handfield, R., McLachlin, R. and Samson, D. (2002). Effective case research in operations management: A process perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 20(5): 419–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(02)00022-0.
Succar, B. (2009). Building Information Modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. Automation in Construction, 18(3): 357– 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2008.10.003.
Suh, E., Furst, M., Mihalyov, K. and Weck, O. (2010). Technology infusion for complex systems): A framework and case study. Systems Engineering, 13(2): 186–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.20142.
Taherdoost, H. (2018). A review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories. Procedia Manufacturing, 22: 960–967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.137.
Teizer, J. (2015). Wearable, wireless identification sensing platform: Self-Monitoring Alert and Reporting Technology for Hazard Avoidance and Training (SmartHat). ITcon 20: 295–312.
Thomas, A.V. and Sudhakumar, J. (2014). Factors influencing construction labour productivity: An Indian case study. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 19(1): 53–68.
Thomas, H., Riley, D. and Messner, J. (2005). Fundamental principles of site material management. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(7): 808–815. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:7(808).
Tsai, M., Yang, J. and Lin, C. (2007). Integrating wireless and speech technologies for synchronous on-site data collection. Automation in Construction, 16(3): 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2006.07.007.
Tushman, M. and Anderson, P. (1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(3): 439– 465. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392832.
Vegad, K., Madurwar, M. and Ralegaonkar, R. (2014). Application of AV-ERP system for on-site project monitoring. Construction Innovation, 14(4): 218–531. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-01-2014-0007.
Venkatachalam, S. (2015). Analysis of the challenges and implementation strategies on the adoption of building information modelling in South African architectural firms. Journal of Construction, 8(2): 7–12.
Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N. and Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operations management. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 22(2): 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570210414329.
Wang, D., Chen, J., Zhao, D., Dai, F., Zheng, C. and Wu, X. (2017). Monitoring workers' attention and vigilance in construction activities through a wireless and wearable electroencephalography system. Automation in Construction, 82: 122–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.02.001.
Wang, X., Truijens, M., Hou, L., Wang, Y. and Zhou, Y. (2014). Integrating augmented reality with Building Information Modeling: Onsite construction process controlling for liquefied natural gas industry. Automation in Construction, 40: 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2013.12.003.
Weber, M. (1949). The Methodology of the Social Sciences. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Yang, L., O'Connor, J. and Huang, C. (2007). Comparison of technology utilization and benefits in Taiwanese and US industries. ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, 23(3): 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2007)23:3(147).
Yu, Y., Guo, H., Ding, Q., Li, H. and Skitmore, M. (2017). An experimental study of realtime identification of construction workers' unsafe behaviors. Automation in Construction, 82: 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.05.002.
Zhong, D., Li, X., Cui, B., Wu, B. and Liu, Y. (2018). Technology and application of real-time compaction quality monitoring for earth-rockfill dam construction in deep narrow valley. Automation in Construction, 90: 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.02.024.