Pedagogical Strategies in Developing Competency Profile for Enhancing Performance Level among Malaysian Building Surveying Graduates: Developing a Research Methodology
Main Article Content
Abstract
The performance of building surveying graduates should be defined and tailored to address the unique industry’s requirements. This research aimed to propose a comprehensive research methodology, techniques and processes to develop a well-defined set of competencies that may effectively improve the performance of building surveying graduates in a specific Malaysian context. The suggested procedures for conducting future competency studies involve inquiry within a mixed-method design that combines both quantitative and qualitative methods. This blended methodology enables a comprehensive examination of competencies, supported by a strong epistemological foundation and a selection of appropriate research designs. The findings of this study could develop a robust and valid competency profile that is specifically tailored to Malaysian building surveying graduates by enriching the existing research methodology knowledge concerning the surrounding competence studies, thus, potentially enhancing the overall quality of the industry’s workforce. This study will pave the way for further research that is aimed at establishing a competency profile that deals with both non-technical and technical skills for Malaysian building surveying graduates. Engaging in such an endeavour has the potential to enhance a holistic approach towards fostering competency in the subject, therefore, equipping graduates with the necessary skills to thrive in their future professional responsibilities.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ali, A.S. and Woon, C.J. (2013). Issues and challenges faced by building
surveyors in Malaysia. Structural Survey, 31(1): 35–42. https://doi.
org/10.1108/02630801311304404
Aliu, J. and Aigbavboa, C. (2023). Reviewing the roles of extracurricular activities in
developing employability skills: A bibliometric review. International Journal of
Construction Management, 23(10): 1623–1632. http://doi.org/10.1080/156235
2021.1995807
Arowoiya, V.A. and Akinradewo, O.F. (2022). Skills requirements for quantity
surveyors’ competencies in cost management of mechanical and electrical
services. Journal of Surveying, Construction and Property, 13(1): 20–31. https://
doi.org/10.22452/jscp.vol13no1.2
Aziz, A.A. (2010). Rasch Model Fundamentals: Scale Construct and Measurement
Structure. Kuala Lumpur: Advance Planning Sdn Bhd.
Bajpai, N. (2011). Business Research Methods. Karnataka: Pearson Education India.
Bashir, R., Sajjad, A., Bashir, S., Latif, K.F. and Attiq, S. (2021). Project managers’
competencies in international development projects: A Delphi study. SAGE
Open, 11(4): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211058188
Bilau, A.A., Witt, E. and Lill, I. (2018). Research methodology for the development
of a framework for managing post-disaster housing reconstruction. Procedia
Engineering, 212: 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.077
Boone, W.J. (2016). Rasch Analysis for instrument development: Why, when and
how? Cell Biology Education, 15(4): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-04-
Bowen, G.A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative
Research Journal, 9(2): 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Bowling, A. (2009). Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health
Services. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model For Effective Performance.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Chan, C.K.Y. and Luk, L.Y.Y. (2022). Academics’ beliefs towards holistic competency
development and assessment: A case study in engineering education.
Studies in Educational Evaluation, 72: 101102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
stueduc.2021.101102
Creswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications Inc.
Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating
Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Baston: Pearson Education Inc.
Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2008). The Landscape of Qualitative Research.
California: SAGA Publications Inc.
Department Skills Development (2018). Daftar Standard Kemahiran Pekerjaan
Kebangsaan (SKPK): National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS) Registry.
Putrajaya: Kementerian Sumber Manusia.
Ebekozien, A., Aigbavboa, C.O. and Aliu, J. (2022). Generic skills of future built
environment practitioners in South Africa: Unexplored mechanism via
students’ perception. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-10-2021-0571
Gilbert, G., Turner, M. and Haass, O. (2022). Working up to work: Perceived
employability of students commencing a project management degree.
Project Leadership and Society, 3: 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
plas.2022.100048
Guba, E.G. (1990). The Paradigm Dialog: Theory, Culture and Society. California:
SAGE Publications Inc.
Gupta, B.L. (2012). Competency Framework for Human Resources Management.
New Delhi: Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.
Hamzah, M.S.G., Paim, L., Haron, S.A. and Abdullah, M.F.N.L. (2013). Buku Panduan
Pembinaan Instrumen “Anda dan Kepenggunaan”. Perak, Malaysia: Emeritus
Publications.
Husain, S.H., Che-Ani, A.I., Affandi, H.M. and Nasri, N.M. (2017). Building surveying
graduates performance from the perspective of building surveyors in
Malaysia. In 2017 7th World Engineering Education Forum (WEEF). Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: IEEE, 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1109/WEEF.2017.8467141
Husain, S.H., Che-Ani, A.I., Affandi, H.M., Nasri, N.M. and Musid, N.A. (2020). Mismatch
in supply and demand of building surveying graduates’ skills: A triangulation
perspective. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 12(4): 70–80.
https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2020.12.04.007
Kagioglou, M., Cooper, R., Aouad, G. and Sexton, M. (1998). Generic Design and
Construction Process Protocol: Final Report. Salford: The University of Salford.
Khoo, E., Zegwaard, K. and Adam, A. (2020). Employer and academic staff
perceptions of science and engineering graduate competencies.
Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 25(1): 103–118. https://doi.org
/10.1080/22054952.2020.1801238
Kruger, J. and Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in
recognising one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6): 1121–1134. https://doi.
org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology: A Step-By-Step Guide For Beginners.
California: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Linacre, J.M. (2002). Understanding Rasch measurement: Optimising rating scale
category effectiveness. Journal of Applied Measurement, 3(1): 85–106.
Lu, S. and Sexton, M.G. (2004). Appropriate research design for investigating
innovation in small knowledge-intensive professional service firms.
In F. Khosrowshahi (ed.), 20th Annual ARCOM Conference. Reston, VA:
Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 733–739.
Lynn, M.R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing
Research, 35(6): 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017
Manoharan, P.K. (2009). Research Methodology. New Delhi: APH Publishing
Corporation.
MOHE (Ministry of Higher Education) (2012). The National Graduate Employability
Blueprint 2012–2017. Putrajaya: MOHE.
MQA (Malaysian Qualifications Agency) (2017). Malaysian Qualifications Framework
(MQF) 2nd Edition. Kuala Lumpur: MQA.
MQA (Malaysian Qualifications Agency) (2013). Programme Standards: Building Surveying. Kuala Lumpur: MQA.
MQA (Malaysian Qualifications Agency) (2007). Malaysian Qualifications Framework: Point of Reference and Joint
Understanding of Higher Education Qualifications in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur:
MQA.
Newell, M. and Ulrich, P. (2022). Competent and employed: STEM alumni perspectives
on undergraduate research and NACE career-readiness competencies.
Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 13(1): 79–93.
https://doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2022vol13no1art1534
Oluwatayo, A.J. (2012). Validity and reliability issues in educational research. Journal
of Educational and Social Research, 2: 391–400. https://doi.org/10.5901/
jesr.2012.v2n2.391
Piaw, C.Y. (2012). Mastering Research Methods. 1st Ed. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill
Education Asia.
PWD (Public Works Department) (2017). Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia: Kumpulan
Pengurusan dan Profesional Skim Perkhidmatan Kejuruteraan (J). Revision 1.
Putrajaya: PWD.
RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) (2018). RICS Pathway Guide Building
Surveying. London: RICS.
RISM (Royal Institution of Surveyor Malaysia) (2023). Building Surveing Division: Annual
Report for Session 2022/2023. Selangor, Malaysia: RISM.
RISM (Royal Institution of Surveyor Malaysia) (2022). Building Surveying Division, Building Surveying Division. Selangor,
Malaysia: RISM.
RISM (Royal Institution of Surveyor Malaysia) (2021). RISM Assessment of Competence and Competency Guide. Selangor,
Malaysia: RISM.
RISM (Royal Institution of Surveyor Malaysia) (2015). Rules and Guide to the Test of Professional Competence for Building
Surveyors. Selangor, Malaysia: RISM.
Sarpin, N., Hasan, A.S., Afiq, M. and Iskak, M. (2021). Competency requirement
for project manager in improving sustainable construction project success.
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology,
(5): 311–321.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business
Students. England: Pearson Education Limited.
Shermon, G. (2004). Competency Based HRM: A Strategic Resource for Competency
Mapping, Assessment and Development Centres. New Delhi: Tata McGrawHill Education.
Spencer, L.M. and Spencer, S.M. (1993). Competence at Work: Models for Superior
Performance. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Tashakkori, A., Johnson, R.B. and Teddlie, C. (2020). Foundations of Mixed Methods
Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social
and Behavioral Sciences. California: SAGE Publications.
Thomas, D.R. (2006). A general inductive approach for qualitative data
analysis. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2): 237–246. https://doi.
org/10.1177/1098214005283748
Tobi, S.U.M. (2016). Qualitative Research, Interview Analysis and NVivo11 Exploration.
st Ed. Kuala Lumpur: ARAS.
Venatius, A.S., Hatib, A. and Boniface, O. (2023). Developing framework for teaching
technical skills to metalwork undergraduates in vocational-based education
in Nigeria. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(2): 11–20.
Zaheer, M.I., Ajayi, S.O., Zulu, S.L., Oyegoke, A. and Kazemi, H. (2021). Understanding
the key competencies of market-ready building surveying graduates from
employers’ perspectives. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology,
(1): 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-01-2020-0012
Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd,
H. and Nikanfar, A. (2015). Design and implementation content validity
study: Development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered
communication. Journal of Caring Sciences, 4(2): 165–178. https://doi.
org/10.15171/jcs.2015.017