Elucidating the Environmental, Social and Governance Strategies towards Urban Resilience for Flood Disaster
Main Article Content
Abstract
Flood is a reoccurring disaster throughout the world. With the increasing effects of climate change, the occurrence of floods is predicted to increase, impeding development and growth. Moving forward towards 2030, the United Nations calls for a strategic recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction that embodies the “build back better” approach. Existing disaster risk reduction efforts for floods have focused on restorative and preventive measures through an integrated architectural response that encompasses the experiential and inherited knowledge of communities living in flood-prone areas together with technological and disaster risk reduction operations for flood resilience. The study utilised current literature reviews to identify environmental, social and governance (ESG) domains for risk reduction and three key strategies from the ESG domains, extending towards urban design for disaster management opportunities. Results were collated and analysed through a thematic literature review from local and international knowledge. The findings suggested that it is vital to respond to and attend to the ESG-integrated approach to promote and sustain resilient urban design and architecture. The study presented a holistic urban design framework towards flood resilience.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abshirini, E., Kock, D. and Legeby A. (2017). Flood resilient cities: A syntactic and metric novel on measuring the resilience of cities against flooding, Gothenburg, Sweden. Journal of Geographic Information System, 9(5): 505–534. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.95032
Ahmad, E.F., Zin, I.M. and Alauddin, K. (2020). Criteria of resilience infrastructure in flood-prone areas in Kelantan: A pilot study. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment, 7(1): 171. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v7i1.8917
Ainullotfi, A.A., Ibrahim, A.L. and Masron, T. (2014). A study on integrated community-based flood mitigation with remote sensing technique in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 18: 012133. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012133
Akturk, G. (2022). How a rainy climate has shaped the artifacts and communities of Fındıklı and Rize in Türkiye. Blue Papers, 1(2): 122–131. https://doi.org/10.58981/bluepapers.2022.2.12
Alias, N.E., Salim, N.A., Taib, S.M., Mohd Yusof, M.B., Saari, R., Adli Ramli, M.W., Othman, I.K., Annammala, K.V., Yusof, H.M., Ismail, N., Yuzir, A. and Blenkinsop, S. (2019). Community responses on effective flood dissemination warnings: A case study of the December 2014 Kelantan flood, Malaysia. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 13(Supp. 1): e12552. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12552
Asmara, T.A.T. and Ludin, A.N.M. (2014). Mapping perception of community preparedness towards flood in Muar River, Johor Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 18: 012126. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012126
Barau, A.S. (2013). Patterns of flood-induced population displacement and its management in Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Paper presented at the Hamburgh Conference: Actions for Climate-Induced Migration. Hamburg, Germany, 18 July. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1631.7441
Bejtullahu, F. (2017). Role of the architects in creating building and urban resilience. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 2(5): 14–17. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.25.3002
Brisibe, W.G. (2018). Assessing architects’ knowledge of flood resilient and adaptable buildings in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Journal of Architecture and Construction, 1(2): 16–24.
Chan, N.W., Ghani, A.A., Samat, N., Hasan, N.N.N. and Tan, M.L. (2020). Integrating structural and non-structural flood management measures for greater effectiveness in flood loss reduction in the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. In F.M. Nazri (ed.), Proceedings of AICCE’19 Transforming the Nation for a Sustainable Tomorrow. Vol. 53. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 1151–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32816-0_87
Chui, S.K., John, K.Y. and Chu, C.K. (2006). The development of a comprehensive flood prevention strategy for Hong Kong. International Journal of River Basin Management, 4(1): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2006.9635270
Diyana, F.A.N. (2022). Attitude and flood preparedness of households in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1091: 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012022
Eggleston, J., Parker, J.C., Striegel, M.F., Stynoski, P.B. and Wellock, J. (2021). Testing the flood resilience of traditional building assemblies. The Journal of Preservation Technology, 52(1): 15–26.
Esposito, A. and Pinto, V. (2014). Urban resilience and risk assessment: How urban layout affects flood risk in the city. In B. Apduhan, A.M. Rocha, S. Misra, D. Taniar, O. Gervasi and B. Murgante (eds.), 2014 14th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications. Danvers, MA: IEEE, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsa.2014.46
Figueiredo, L., Honiden, T. and Schumann A. (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities. OECD regional development working papers, no. 2018/02. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Gil, J. and Steinbach, P. (2008). From flood risk to indirect flood impact: Evaluation of street network performance for effective management, response and repair. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 118: 335–344. https://doi.org/10.2495/friar080321
Gultom, B.J., Zaneta, J. and Javiera, E. (2022). Flood risk of today and tomorrow spatial analysis of flood vulnerability in Pontianak City. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development, 10(3): 170–187.
Halker Engineered Solutions (2021). ESG pillars and scores. Available at: https://www.halker.com/esg/?utm_medium=websiteandutm_source=archdaily.com [Accessed on 1 November 2023].
Hanafi, N.N.H., Juliza, M., Aisyah M S. and Zain, M.H.K.M. (2021). Lessons learned from the adaptations of post-flood housing reconstruction in Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Environment–Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 6(17): 227–234. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i17.2820
Hassan, M.S., Abdul Jaffar, M., Abdulameer, S.K., Mohd Radzi, S.F. and Kanasan, V. (2020). Preparedness for disaster risk management (DRM), case studies: Kelantan flood, Malaysia. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(5): 382–392. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.75.8296
Irsyad, H.A.W. and Hitoshi, N. (2022). Flood disaster evacuation route choice in Indonesian urban riverbank kampong: Exploring the role of individual characteristics, path risk elements and path network configuration. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 81: 103275. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4075919
Jeong, D., Kim, M., Song, K. and Lee, J. (2021). Planning a green infrastructure network to integrate potential evacuation routes and the urban green space in a coastal city: The case study of Haeundae District, Busan, South Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 761: 143179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143179
Joseph, R., Proverbs, D., Lamond, J. and Wassell, P. (2011). An analysis of the costs of resilient reinstatement of flood affected properties: A case study of the 2009 flood event in Cockermouth. Structural Survey, 29(4): 279–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630801111162350
Kamarudin, K.H., Rashid, M.F. and Chong, N.O. (2022). Local community knowledge for flood resilience: A case study from east coast Malaysia. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 9(2): 21–34. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n2.922
Karki, T. (2016). How capable are local residents and local governments at coping with and adapting to flood disasters in Malaysian cities? A case study of two cities from Johor state. Malaysia Sustainable Cities Program working paper series. Available at: https://malaysiacities.mit.edu//sites/default/files/documents/Karki.pdf [Accessed on 1 November 2023].
Kipkirui, E. and Kageche, K.D. (2020). Developing towards flood resilient cities: Opportunities for sponge infrastructure. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, 10(2): 9888. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.02.2020.p9888
Kishnani, N. (2021). Ecopuncture: Transforming Architecture and Urbanism in Asia. Jakarta: BCI Asia.
Kurniawati, W., Mussadun and Nugraha, M.F. (2020). Spatial expression of Malay Kampung Semarang in facing flood disaster. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 409(1): 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/409/1/012049
Lee, J., Kim, J., Kim, D., Chong, P.K., Kim, J. and Jang, P. (2008). RFMS: Real-time flood monitoring system with wireless sensor networks. In 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems. Atlanta, GA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/mahss.2008.4660069
Ludin, S.M. and Arbon, P.A. (2017). Improving community disaster resilience through scorecard self-testing. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 26(1): 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2016-0177
Ludwig, D. and Poliseli, L. (2018). Relating traditional and academic ecological knowledge: Mechanistic and holistic epistemologies across cultures. Biology and Philosophy, 33(5): 43. https://doi.org/10.3410/f.734596979.793553970
Ma, Y., Jiang, Y. and Swallow, S. (2020). China’s sponge city development for urban water resilience and sustainability: A policy discussion. Science of the Total Environment, 729: 139078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139078
Mashi, S.A., Inkani A.I., Oghenejeabor, O. and Araen A.S. (2020). Community perception, response and adaptation strategies towards flood risk in a traditional African city. Natural Hazards, 103(60): 1727–1759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04052-2
Muhammad, N.S., Akashah, A.I. and Abdullah, J. (2016). Analysis of extreme rainfall indices in peninsular Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 78: 15–20. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v78.9677
Munawar, H.S., Hammad, A.W.A. and Waller, S.T. (2021). A review on flood management technologies related to image processing and machine learning. Automation in Construction, 132: 103916. https://doi.org/1010.1016/j.autcon.2021.103916
Munyai, R.B., Chikoore, H., Musyoki, A., Chakwizira, J., Muofhe, T.P., Xulu, N.G. and Manyanya, T.C. (2021). Vulnerability and adaptation to flood hazards in rural settlements of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Water, 13: 3490. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243490
Nguyen, T. T., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W. and Wang, X. C. (2020). A new model framework for sponge city implementation: Emerging challenges and future developments. Journal of Environmental Management, 253: 109689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109689
Nguyen, T.T., Ngo, H.H., Guo, W., Wang, X.C., Ren, N., Li, G., Ding, J. and Liang, H. (2019). Implementation of a specific urban water management: Sponge City. Science of the Total Environment, 652: 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.168
Noymanee, J. and Theeramunkong, T. (2019). Flood forecasting with machine learning technique on hydrological modelling. Procedia Computer Science, 156: 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.08.214
Palazzo, E. (2018). From water sensitive to floodable: Defining adaptive urban design for water resilient cities. Journal of Urban Design, 24(1): 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2018.1511972
Pilarczyk, K.W. (2008). Flood Protection and Management in the Netherlands. In Vasiliev, O., Van Gelder, P., Plate, E. and Bolgov, M. (eds.), NATO Science Series: Extreme Hydrological Events; New Concepts for Security. Dordrecht: Springer, 385–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5741-0_26
Platt, S.L., Ranasinghe, G., Jayathilaka, G.S., Jayasinghe, C., Jayasinghe, T., Walker, P. and Maskell, D. (2021). Retrofitting and rehabilitation of vernacular housing in flood prone areas in Sri Lanka. Journal of Building Engineering, 41: 102420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102420
Proverbs, D. and Lamond, J. (2017). Flood resilient construction and adaptation of buildings. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.111
Qiao, X.J., Liao, H. and Tandrup, T.B. (2020). Sustainable stormwater management: A qualitative case study of the Sponge Cities initiative in China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101963
Roosli, R. and Collins, A.E. (2016). Key lessons and guidelines for post-disaster permanent housing provision in Kelantan, Malaysia. Procedia Engineering, 145: 1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.156
Roosli, R., Nordin, J. and O’Brien, G. (2018). The evaluation of community participation in post-disaster housing reconstruction Projects in Malaysia. Procedia Engineering, 212: 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.086
Sach, A., Wild, A., Hoeun I., Nicholas, Y., Baynard-Smith, R., Mohd Hanif, K., Muhammad Hazwan, M., Mohd Fakhruddin, F. and Umi Salaman, M.Z. (2018). Mitigation and adaptation to floods in Malaysia: A study on community perceptions and responses to urban flooding in Segamat. Available at: https://www.monash.edu.my/data/assets/pdf_file/0007/2236516/Flooding-in-Segamat. pdf [Accessed on 1 November 2023].
Salami, R., Giggins, H. and Meding J. (2017). Vulnerability of human settlements to flood risk in the core area of Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 9(1): a371. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v9i1.371
Sarkar, M.S.K., Begum, R.A., Pereira, J.J., Jaafar, A.H. and Saari, M.Y. (2014). Impacts of and adaptations to sea level rise in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 11(2): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW-2014-11_2_05
Sohn, W., Samuel, B., Kim, J.H. and Li, M.H. (2020). How effective are drainage systems in mitigating flood losses? Cities, 107(7): 102917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102917
Trogrlić, R.Š., Wright, G.B., Duncan, M.J., van den Homberg, M.J.C., Adeloye, A.J., Mwale, F.D. and Mwafulirwa, J. (2019). Characterising local knowledge across the flood risk management cycle: A case study of Southern Malawi. Sustainability, 11: 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061681
UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction) (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9813-2015016
Wojnowska-Heciak, M. and Janus, A. (2016). Landscape solutions for small retention. Structure and Environment, 8(2): 116–124.
Yamu, C., Van Nes, A. and Garau, C. (2021). Bill Hillier’s legacy: Space syntax: A synopsis of basic concepts, measures and empirical application. Sustainability, 13(6): 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063394
Zahari R.K. and Ariffin R.N. (2013). Risk communications: Flood-prone communities of Kuala Lumpur. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 17: 880–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.106