Prepared from Modified Poly(Lactic Acid)/ Teak Wood Flour Composites: An Investigation on the Particle Size Effects and Silane Coupling Agent Compatibilisation

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Aug 25, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/
Keywords:
3D printing, PLA filament, wood plastic composites, biodegradable polymers, fused deposition modelling

Main Article Content

Nawadon Petchwattana
Division of Polymer Materials Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
Wasinee Channuan,
Division of Polymer Materials Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
Phisut Naknaen
Division of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
Borwon Narupai
Expert Center of Innovative Materials, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand

Abstract

This study aims to produce the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/teak wood composite filament for 3D printing application. Prior to the production of the wood plastic composite (WPC) filaments, PLA was modified to remedy the problem of brittleness and low-melt viscosity by core-shell rubber (CSR) particles and acrylic processing aid (APA). Two different particle sizes of teak wood flour (WF) were added to the modified-PLA (mPLA). Silane coupling agent was further added to improve the interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic WF and hydrophobic mPLA matrix. Experimental results indicated that all formulations could be fabricated as 3D printing filaments. However, the filaments were successfully printed only for the mPLA with 74 μm WF. For 125 μm, the printer nozzle was clogged up with the agglomerated WF. WPC filaments had higher water uptake than those mPLA and neat PLA, but it significantly decreased with the silane compatibilisation. SEM result also confirmed the improvement of the interfacial bonding between mPLA and WF, which facilitated better fibre-matrix stress transfer and improved the overall mechanical strength.

Article Details

How to Cite
Prepared from Modified Poly(Lactic Acid)/ Teak Wood Flour Composites: An Investigation on the Particle Size Effects and Silane Coupling Agent Compatibilisation. (2019). Journal of Physical Science, 30(2), 169-188. https://doi.org/10.21315/
Issue
Vol. 30 No. 2 (2019)
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Stansbury, J. W. & Idacavage, M. J. (2016). 3D printing with polymers: Challenges among expanding options and opportunities. Dent. Mater., 32(1), 54–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.09.018.

Wang, X. et al. (2017). 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Compos. B Eng., 110, 442–458, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.11.034.

Tao, Y. et al. (2017). Development and application of wood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3D printing. Mater., 10(4), 339, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10040339.

Masood, S. H. & Song, W. Q. (2004). Development of new metal/polymer materials for rapid tooling using fused deposition modelling. Mater. Des., 25(7), 587–594, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2004.02.009.

Tran, P. et al. (2017). Bimaterial 3D printing and numerical analysis of bio-inspired composite structures under in-plane and transverse loadings. Compos. B Eng., 108, 210–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.083.

Petchwattana, N. et al. (2018). Crystallization behavior and transparency of poly(lactic acid) nucleated with dimethylbenzylidene sorbitol. Plast. Rubber Compos., 48(4), 147–155, https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2018.1447338.

Xia, X. L. et al. (2014). Degradation behaviors, thermostability and mechanical properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate)/polylactic acid blends. J. Cent. South. Univ., 21(5), 1725–1732, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2116-z.

Petchwattana, N. & Sanetuntikul, J. (2018). Static and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) and waste rice husk ash composites compatibilized with γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Silicon, 10(2), 287–292, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-016-9440-x.

Petchwattana, N. et al. (2017). Wood plastic composites prepared from biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) and Burma padauk sawdust (Pterocarpus macrocarpus): Water absorption kinetics and sunlight exposure investigations. J. Bionic Eng., 14(4), 781–790, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(16)60443-2.

Csikós, Á. et al. (2015). Modification of interfacial adhesion with a functionalized polymer in PLA/wood composites. Eur. Polym. J., 68, 592–600, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.03.

Asim, M. et al. (2018). The effect of silane treated fibre loading on mechanical properties of pineapple leaf/kenaf fibre filler phenolic composites. J. Polym. Environ., 26(4), 1520–1527, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1060-z.

Petchwattana, N., Covavisaruch, S. & Chanakul, S. (2012). Mechanical properties, thermal degradation and natural weathering of high density polyethylene/rice hull composites compatibilized with maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene. J. Polym. Res., 19(7), 9921, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-012-9921-6.

Hernández-Alamilla, M. & Valadez-Gonzalez, A. (2016). The effect of two commercial melt strength enhancer additives on the thermal, rheological and morphological properties of polylactide. J. Polym. Eng., 36(1), 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0322.

Feng, Y. et al. (2018). The crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) with different types of nucleating agents. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 106, 955–962, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.095.

Petchwattana, N., Sanetuntikul, J. & Narupai, B. (2018). Plasticization of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) by different triglyceride molecular sizes: A comparative study with glycerol. J. Polym. Environ., 26(3), 1160–1168, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-017-1012-7.

Kracalik, M. (2017). Effect of organoclay chemistry and morphology on properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. Plast. Rubber Compos., 46(9), 389–395, https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2017.1373489.

Ghani, S. A. et al. (2016). The effect of the chemical modification of wood fibre using salicylic acid and ethanol on the properties of recycled high density polyethylene/wood fibre composites. J. Phys. Sci., 27(1), 1–14.

Petchwattana, N. & Covavisaruch, S. (2013). Effects of rice hull particle size and content on the mechanical properties and visual appearance of wood plastic composites prepared from poly(vinyl chloride). J. Bionic Eng., 10(1), 110–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(13)60205-X.

Li, H., Law, S. & Sain, M. (2004). Process rheology and mechanical property correlationship of wood flour-polypropylene composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 23(11), 1153–1156, https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684404035416.

Li, H., Law, S. & Sain, M. (2004). Process rheology and mechanical property correlationship of wood flour-polypropylene composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 23(11), 1153–1158, https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684404035416.

Petchwattana, N. & Covavisaruch, S. (2014). Mechanical and morphological properties of wood plastic biocomposites prepared from toughened poly(lactic acid) and rubber wood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis). J. Bionic Eng., 11(4), 630–637, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(14)60074-3.

Petchwattana, N. et al. (2017). Modification of poly(lactic acid) by blending with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) for extrusion blow molding application. J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 12(10), 2766–2777.

Yussuf, A. A., Massoumi, I. & Hassan, A. (2010). Comparison of polylactic acid/kenaf and polylactic acid/rise husk composites: The influence of the natural fibers on the mechanical, thermal and biodegradability properties. J. Polym. Environ., 18(3), 422–429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0185-0.

Savetlana, S. et al. (2018). Properties of nylon-6-based composite reinforced with coconut shell particles and empty fruit bunch fibres. Plast. Rubber Compos., (47)2, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.1080/14658011.2017.1418711.

Kuo, P. Y. et al. (2009). Effects of material compositions on the mechanical properties of wood–plastic composites manufactured by injection molding. Mater. Design, 30(9), 3489–3496, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.03.012.

Lv, S. et al. (2015). Silane modified wood flour blended with poly(lactic acid) and its effects on composite performance. BioResour., 10(3), 5426–5439, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores10.3.5426-5439.

Rimdusit, S. et al. (2011). Highly filled polypropylene rubber wood flour composites. Eng. J., 15(2), 17–30, https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2011.15.2.17.

Bengtsson, M. & Oksman, K. (2006). The use of silane technology in crosslinking polyethylene/wood flour composites. Compos. A-Appl. S, 37(5), 752–765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.06.014.

Eng, C. C. et al. (2014). Impact strength and flexural properties enhancement of methacrylate Silane treated oil palm mesocarp fiber reinforced biodegradable hybrid composite. Sci. World J., 2014, 213180, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/213180.

Sis, A. L. M., Ibrahim, N. A. & Yunus, W. M. Z. W. (2013). Effect of (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane on mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blend reinforced kenaf fiber. Iran. Polym. J., 22(2), 101–108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-012-0108-0.

Chun, K. S., Husseinsyah, S. & Osman, H. (2012). Mechanical and thermal properties of coconut shell powder filled polylactic acid biocomposites: Effects of the filler content and silane coupling agent. J. Polym. Res., 19, 9859, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-012-9859-8.

Jandas, P. J., Mohanty, S. & Nayak, S. K. (2012). Renewable resource-based biocomposites of various surface treated banana fiber and poly lactic acid: Characterization and biodegradability. J. Polym. Environ., 20(2), 583–595, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0415-8.

Tran, T. P. T., Bénézet, J. C. & Bergeret, A. (2014). Rice and Einkorn wheat husks reinforced poly(lactic acid)(PLA) biocomposites: Effects of alkaline and silane surface treatments of husks. Ind. Crop. Prod., 58, 111–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop. 2014.04.012.

Nagarajan, V. et al. (2015). Overcoming the fundamental challenges in improving the impact strength and crystallinity of PLA biocomposites: Influence of nucleating agent and mold temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interf., 7(21), 11203, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b01145.

Petchwattana, N. & Narupai, B. (2019). Synergistic effect of talc and titanium dioxide on poly(lactic acid) crystallization: An investigation on the injection molding cycle time reduction. J. Polym. Environ., 27(4), 837–846, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01396-0.