Implikasi Ideologi Terhadap Strategi Penterjemahan Unsur Budaya dalam Siri Harry Potter ke dalam Bahasa Melayu Ideological Implication on the Strategy for Translating Cultural Elements in the Harry Potter Series into Malay
Main Article Content
Abstract
Translators make deliberate choices when deciding translation strategies. The choices, among others, are based upon the extent of power the translators have for decision-making. The choice of translation strategy also reflects upon the status of a source text compared to translated text, as well as the ideological motivation guiding translation activities at a given time. The tendency in the strategy used by a translator, whether source or text-oriented, can be determined by investigating how culture-specific items are translated. Thus, this study has been carried out to identify the strategy used to translate a phenomenon in modern children’s literature that is the Harry Potter book series, and to analyse the ideological and power factors that influenced the choice of strategy. Eighty-four culture-specific items have been identified and grouped according to Aixela’s (1996) classification of culture-specific items. The procedures and overall strategy were based on the translation procedures classification model by Qafzezi (2013) which leverages the typology of procedures for translating culture-specific items by Ivir (1987) and Venuti’s (2008) framework for translation strategies. The findings show that the translation strategy used to translate the Harry Potter series into Malay is largely source-oriented. The translator has limited power in deciding the strategy for translating the book series. The study also indicates that there has been a change in the ideological aspect behind children’s literature translation activities in Malaysia now compared to the period of post-colonialism in the 1970s and 1980s.
Penterjemah lazimnya membuat pemilihan terancang dalam proses menentukan strategi penterjemahan. Pemilihan ini antara lain bergantung kepada sejauh mana kuasa yang diberikan kepada mereka untuk membuat keputusan. Pemilihan strategi penterjemahan juga mencerminkan status teks asal berbanding teks sasaran serta ideologi yang mendorong kegiatan penterjemahan pada satu-satu masa tertentu. Kecenderungan strategi yang digunakan oleh penterjemah sama ada berorientasikan sumber atau sasaran boleh ditentukan dengan mengkaji cara sesuatu unsur budaya diterjemahkan. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti strategi yang digunakan untuk menterjemah karya sastera kanak-kanak yang menjadi fenomena iaitu siri Harry Potter serta menganalisis faktor ideologi dan kuasa yang mendorong pemilihan strategi tersebut. Sebanyak 84 unsur budaya telah dikenal pasti dan dikelaskan berdasarkan klasifikasi unsur budaya oleh Aixela (1996). Prosedur dan strategi keseluruhan penterjemahan dibuat berdasarkan model klasifikasi pendekatan penterjemahan oleh Qafzezi (2013) yang memanfaatkan prosedur penterjemahan unsur budaya oleh Ivir (1987) dan strategi penterjemahan oleh Venuti (2008). Analisis kajian menunjukkan bahawa strategi penterjemahan yang digunakan untuk menterjemah siri Harry Potter ke dalam bahasa Melayu lebih cenderung kepada berorientasikan sumber. Penterjemah didapati memiliki kuasa yang terhad dalam menentukan strategi penterjemahan yang digunakan. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa telah berlaku perubahan ideologi dalam aktiviti penterjemahan karya sastera kanak-kanak di Malaysia pada masa kini dibandingkan dengan tempoh semasa pasca penjajahan.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Aixela, J.F. 1996. Culture-specific items in translation. In Translation, power, subversion, eds. R. Alvarez and M.C. Vidal, 52–78. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Alton, A.H. 2008. Playing the genre game: Generic fusions of the Harry Potter series. In Critical perspectives on Harry Potter (2nd ed.), ed. E. Heilman, 199–224. New York: Routledge.
Baker, M. 1992. In other words: A course book on translation. London: Routledge Begin, A. 2014. Nagas and ophiolatry in Hindu culture. https://www.academia.edu/7509640/Nagas_and_Ophiolatry_in_Hindu_Culture (accessed 26 June 2015).
Brasien?, B. 2013. Literary translation of culture-specific items in Lithuanian translation of Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London. Unpublished Master’s dissertation, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania.
Brøndsted, K. and Dollerup, C. 2004. The names in Harry Potter. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 12(1): 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2004.9961490
Dickins, J. 2012. The translation of culturally specific items. In Language studies: Stretching the boundaries, eds. A. Littlejohn and S.R. Mehta, 43–60. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 2015. Hippogriff: Legendary animal. http://global.britannica.com/topic/hippogriff (accessed 27 June 2015).
Espindola, E. 2006. The use and abuse of subtitling as a practice of cultural representation: Cidade de Deus and Boyz ‘N the Hood. Santa Catarina, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
Garcia, B. 2013. Romulus and Remus. http://www.ancient.eu/Romulus_and_Remus/ (accessed 26 June 2015).
Goldstein, S. 2004. Translating Harry part i: The language of magic. Translorial. http://translorial.com/2004/12/01/translating-harry-part-i-the-language-of-magic/.
Hatim, B. and Mason, I. 1997. The translator as communicator. New York: Routledge.
Hervey, S. and Higgins, I. 1992. Thinking French translation: A course in translation method: French to English (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Idris Mansor. 2015. Prosedur peminjaman dan elemen sosiobudaya dalam terjemahan Rihlat Ibn Battutah. Kajian Malaysia 33(2): 61–81.
Ivir, V. 1987. Procedures and strategies for the translation of culture. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2): 35–46.
Jameson, F. 1974. The prison-house of language: A critical account of structuralism and Russian Formalism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Jentsch, N.K. 2006. Harry Potter and the Tower of Babel: Translating the magic. In The translation of children’s literature, ed. G. Lathey, 190–208. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Larson, M.L. 1998. Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. Latin Dictionary. 2015. http://www.latin-dictionary.org/ (accessed on 25 June 2015).
Lefevere, A. 1992. Translation, rewriting and the manipulation of literary fame. New York: Routledge.
Newmark, P. 1988. A textbook of translation. New York: Prentice Hall International
———. 1981. Approaches to translation. Oxford: Pergamon.
Nida, E. 1964. Toward a science of translating. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
Norizah Ardi and Noraizah Abdul Aziz. 2009. Penterjemahan phrasal verbs bahasa Inggeris dalam Harry Potter dan Putera Berdarah Kacukan. In Kelestarian bidang terjemahan, eds. Hasuria Che Omar and Rokiah Awang, 304–317. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Penterjemah Malaysia.
Nurul Huda Mohd Saad, Zuraidah Jantan and Rozaimah Rashidin. 2009. Penterjemahan bahasa figuratif Inggeris-Melayu dalam novel Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In Kelestarian bidang terjemahan, eds. Hasuria Che Omar and Rokiah Awang, 304–317. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Penterjemah Malaysia. Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. 2015. http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/ (accessed 26 June 2015).
Puteri Roslina Abdul Wahid and Cho, M.S. 2015. Analisis strategi terjemahan unsur budaya dalam novel bahasa Korea-Bahasa Melayu. In Sinergi komuniti terjemahan: Akademia, industri dan amalan profesional, eds. Haslina Haroon, Hasuria Che Omar, Goh Sang Seong dan Norizah Ardi, 252–263. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Penterjemah Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka and Institut Terjemahan dan Buku Malaysia.
Puurtinen, T. 1998. Syntax, readability and ideology in children’s literature. META: Translators’ Journal 43(4): 524–533. https://doi.org/10.7202/003879ar
Pym, A., Shlesinger, M. and Jettmarova, Z. (2006). Sociocultural aspects of translating and interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Qafzezi, E. 2013. Abroad or back home? Reflecting on foreignizing and domesticating tendencies observed in children’s literature translated into Albanian. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4(10): 564–573. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p564
Rowling, J. 2005. One-on-one interview with J.K. Rowling, ITV, 17 July. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-itv-coad.htm (accessed 17 August 2017).
———. 2004. J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival, 15 August. http://www.accioquote.org/articles/2004/0804-ebf.htm (accessed 17 August 2017).
———. 2001. Harry Potter and me (BBC Christmas Special) transcript, 28 December. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2001/1201-bbc-hpandme.htm (accessed 10 February 2018).
———. 2000. J.K. Rowling eToys interview transcript. http://www.accio-quote.org/ articles/2000/fall00-etoys.html (accessed 10 February 2018).
———. 1999. J.K. Rowling interview transcript (WBUR Radio), 12 October. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-connectiontransc2.htm (accessed 26 June 2015).
Saldanha, G. and O’Brien, S. 2014. Research methodologies in translation studies. New York: Routledge.
Saxena, V. 2012. The subversive Harry Potter: Adolescent rebellion and containment in the J.K. Rowling novels. North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers.
Shuttleworth, M. and Cowie, M. 1997. Dictionary of translation studies. Manchester: St. Jerome. Simpson, P. 1993. Language, ideology and point of view. New York: Routledge
Spencer, P. 2005. What’s in a name? http://www.theninemuses.net/hp/v.html (accessed 27 June 2015).
Stouffer, T. 2007. The complete idiot’s guide to Harry Potter. New York: Penguin Group. Vander Ark, S. 2015. Veela. https://www.hp-lexicon.org/bestiary/bestiary_v.html (accessed 27 June 2015).
Venuti, L. 2008. The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Zalina Mohd Lazim. 2006. Adapting culture in the translations of children’s literature books. In Writing the past into the present: Reflections of 35 years of scholarship in language and literary studies, eds. S. Pillai and V. Sriadulpan, 343–354. Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Zohar, S. 2006. Translation of children’s literature. In The translation of children’s literature, ed. G. Lathey, 25–40. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.