Darurat atau “Perang Kolonial” 1948 di Tanah Melayu: Satu Perbahasan Berdasarkan Beberapa Aliran Pemikiran dan Perspektif Emergency or “Colonial War” 1948 in Malaya: A Debate Based on Several Schools of Thought and Perspectives
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Abstract
This study examines the various interpretations by historians about the major factors that led to the declaration of emergency by the British in Malaya in 1948. The main purpose of this study is to analyse why there is disagreement among historians about the factors that led to the emergency and what are the weaknesses of every view expressed. In this study, the main sources that explain the views of historians will be examined. Historians discussing the Emergency of 1948 are generally divided into several schools of thought: Orthodox, Revisionist, Neo-Orthodox and Post-Revisionist. The Orthodox view explains that the emergency was declared by the British in reaction to communist terrorism and the existence of an armed rebellion plan by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to bring down British rule. However, recent criticisms have arisen on the Orthodox approach which is considered to be over-dependent on official reports by the British intelligence and administration. With the latest evidence available through records released by the British National Archives beginning in the late 1990s, an alternative view emerged that began to question whether the declaration of emergency in 1948 was due to MCP rebellion or more driven by other purposes related to the interest of maintaining British colonialism in Malaya. Some Revisionist and Post-Revisionist historians claim the 1948 Emergency is a form of “colonial war” that was created as part of the British conspiracy to curb the threat of nationalist movement deliberately accused by the British as infiltrated by communist elements.
Kajian ini meneliti pelbagai tafsiran ahli sejarah tentang faktor-faktor utama yang membawa kepada perisytiharan darurat oleh British di Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1948. Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sebab-sebab terdapatnya ketidaksepakatan dalam kalangan ahli sejarah mengenai faktor-faktor yang membawa kepada darurat dan apakah kekurangan setiap pandangan yang dikemukakan. Dalam kajian ini, tulisan-tulisan utama yang menjelaskan pandangan ahli sejarah akan diteliti. Ahli sejarah yang membincangkan tentang Darurat 1948 secara umumnya terbahagi kepada beberapa aliran: Ortodoks, Revisionis, Neo-Orthodoks dan Pasca-Revisionist. Pandangan Ortodoks menerangkan bahawa darurat telah diisytiharkan oleh British sebagai tindak balas terhadap keganasan komunis dan kewujudan rancangan pemberontakan bersenjata oleh Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) bagi menjatuhkan pemerintahan British. Walaupun demikian, mutakhir ini telah timbul kritikan terhadap pendekatan Ortodoks yang dianggap terlalu bergantung kepada laporan rasmi pihak perisikan dan pentadbiran British. Dengan bukti terkini yang diperolehi melalui rekod yang dikeluarkan oleh Arkib Kebangsaan British bermula pada penghujung 1990-an, muncul pandangan alternatif yang mula mempertikaikan sama ada perisytiharan Darurat 1948 adalah kerana pemberontakan PKM atau lebih didorong oleh tujuan lain yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan mengekalkan penjajahan British di Tanah Melayu. Beberapa ahli sejarah Revisionis dan Pasca-Revisionis mendakwa bahawa Darurat 1948 adalah satu bentuk “perang kolonial” yang dicipta sebagai sebahagian daripada konspirasi British untuk membendung ancaman pergerakan nasionalis yang sengaja dituduh oleh British sebagai sebahagian daripada anasir komunis.
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