Vitaliti Semasa Bahasa Melayu di Negara Brunei Darussalam
Main Article Content
Abstract
The interminable “Malay vs. English” debate is ubiquitous in the Malay world. Although Malay is the national language, a cultural and identity marker for the Malays, the globalisation and increasing importance of English has prompted concerns on the decline of the Malay language among scholars and the general public. By applying a modified triangulation model with Language and Attitudes Model, Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, and Language Vitality and Endangerment Frameworks, this article discusses language attitudes and vitality of two important variants of Malay in Brunei: Standard Malay and Brunei Malay, amid the bilingual environment in the country, based on data gathered involving Brunei Malay speakers and claims by Malay scholars. The results show that the language attitudes among Bruneian youth towards both languages are positive and both variants are preserved through local maintenance efforts. Both variants also exist complementary to English depending on contexts and audiences. This article also criticises previous claims on the “threatened” status of Malay language as it also disapproves the accusation that English will become a threat the status and preservation of Malay.
Perdebatan mengenai “pertelingkahan bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris” sentiasa wujud di alam Melayu. Walaupun bahasa Melayu merupakan bahasa rasmi/ bahasa kebangsaan dan juga bahasa penanda budaya dan identiti orang Melayu, masih terdapat kekhuatiran terhadap kemungkinan kepupusan bahasa tersebut dalam kalangan para sarjana dan masyarakat Melayu. Perkara ini terjadi kerana peningkatan kepentingan bahasa Inggeris dalam era globalisasi. Dengan mengaplikasikan Model Sikap Bahasa dan metode Skala Penilaian Gangguan Antara Generasi Luasan serta Rangka Kerja Keberdayaan dan Kepupusan Bahasa, makalah ini membincangkan sikap bahasa dan daya hidup semasa bagi dua variasi bahasa Melayu iaitu bahasa Melayu standard dan bahasa Melayu Brunei dalam persekitaran dwibahasa di Negara Brunei Darussalam, berdasarkan bukti-bukti kajian analisis terhadap penutur bahasa Melayu Brunei dan tanggapan beberapa sarjana bahasa Melayu. Hasil analisis mendapati sikap para belia terhadap kedua-dua variasi bahasa adalah positif dan kewujudan dilestarikan melalui usaha-usaha penyelenggaraan setempat, selain kedua-dua variasi bahasa ini saling melengkapi dengan bahasa Inggeris mengikut kesesuaian konteks dan audiens. Makalah ini turut menyangkal tanggapan yang menyatakan kedudukan dan daya hidup semasa bahasa Melayu terancam, selain turut menyanggah dakwaan kewujudan bahasa Inggeris mengancam status dan pengekalan bahasa Melayu.
Article Details
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdullah Hassan. 2009. Bahasa Melayu di persimpangan: Antara jati diri dengan rempuhan globalisasi. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 16: 59–81. ?
. 1983. Isu dan masalah standardisasi bahasa Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa May, 323–339.
Ahmad, A.B. 1978. Bahasa Kedayan dalam satu penggolongan dengan bahasa Melayu Brunei. Dewan Bahasa 22(1), 8–18.
Aminah Awang Basar. 2015. Sikap generasi muda terhadap bahasa Melayu: Senario di Malaysia, Negara Brunei Darussalam dan Indonesia. Paper presented at the Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Memartabatkan Bahasa Melayu (MBM), Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia, September.
Azhari Daman Darnis. 2016. Sikap bahasa generasi muda Indonesia, Malaysia dan, Brunei Darussalam menurut ciri sosial dan latar kebahasaan. Komisi penilitian MABBIM. Jakarta: Balai Bahasa.
Azmi Abdullah. 2009. SPN21 lays less stress on Malay, say experts. The Brunei Times, 24 April. Baker, C. 1996. Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. 2nd Ed. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. ?
. 1992. Attitudes and language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Bogner, A., Littig, B. and Menz, W. 2009. Introduction: Expert interviews; An introduction to a new methodological debate. In Interviewing experts, eds. A. Bogner, B. Littig and W. Menz, 1–16. Basingtoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Clynes, A. 2001. Brunei Malay: An overview. Occasional Papers in Language Studies 7: 11–44.
Clynes, A. and Deterding, D. 2011. Standard Malay (Brunei). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41(2): 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002510031100017X
Collins, J.T. 2002. “Malay is fourth largest language” and other myths: Language studies and ASEAN. Paper presented at the Persidangan Linguistik ASEAN ke-2: Bahasa Pengukuh Solidariti ASEAN, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei, 28–20 October.
Collins, J.T. and Zaharani Ahmad. 1999. The Malay language and ethnic identity in modern Malaysia. Akademika 55: 33–148.
Coluzzi, P. 2011. Majority and minority language planning in Brunei Darussalam. Language Problems and Language Planning 35(3): 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.35.3.02col
Darwis Harahap. 2000. Menuju bahasa yang satu, bahasa Melayu. Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa 2: 57–62.
Doringer, S. 2020. Combining qualitative interviewing approaches for investigating implict expert knowledge. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 24(3): 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2020.1766777
Dwyer, A.M. 2011. Tools and techniques for endangered-language assessment and revitalization. In Vitality and viability of minority languages. New York: Trace Foundation Lecture Series Proceedings. Retrieved from http://www.trace.org/events/events_lecture_proceedings.html (accessed 25 August 2016).
Edwards, J. 1993. Implementing bilingualism: Brunei in perspective. In Bilingualism and national development, eds. G.M. Jones and C.K. O?óg, 25–38. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Fasold, R. 1984. The sociolinguistics of society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fathu Rahman. 2011. Bahasa Melayu menuju bahasa PBB: Suatu gagasan awal. In Prosiding kongres antarabangsa bahasa dan budaya, eds. Azurin Othman dan Norati Bakar, Vol. 2, 122–134. Bandar Seri Begawan: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Fatimah Chuchu. 2010. Bahasa Melayu dalam Sistem Pendidikan Negara Abad ke-21 (SPN-21). Rampak Serantau 17: 276–286.
Fatimah Chuchu and Najib Noorashid. 2015. Code choice within intercultural communication among ethnic minority in Brunei. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 5(1): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509%2Fijal.v5i1.835
Fishman, J. 1991. Reversing language shift. California: Multilingual Matters. Garrett, P. 2010. Attitudes to language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844713
Giles, H., Noels, K., Ota, H., Ng. S.H., Gallois, C., Ryan, E.B., Williams, A., Lim, T.S., Somera, L., Tao, H. and Sachdev, I. 2000. Age vitality across eleven nations. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 21(4): 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630008666407
Hashim Musa, Rozita Che Rodi, Halimah Pondo and Salmah Jan Noor Muhammad. 2013. Bahasa Melayu dan konsep kebenaran ilmu berdasarkan pandangan Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas. KEMANUSIAAN the Asian Journal of Humanities 20(1): 1–22.
Husni Abu Bakar. 2009. Code-switching in Kuala Lumpur Malay: The “rojak” phenomenon. EXPLORATIONS 9: 99–107.
Ishamina, A. and Deterding, D. 2017. English-medium education in a university in Brunei Darussalam: Codeswitching and intelligibility. In English medium instruction in higher education in Asia-Pacific: From policy to pedagogy, eds.
B. FentonSmith, P. Humphreys and I. Walkinshaw, 281–298. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51976-0_15
Jones, G.M. 1996. The changing role of English in Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented at the English in Southeast Asia Conference, Singapore, 21–23 November.
Lewis, M.P. and Simons, G.F. 2010. Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman’s GIDS. Romanian Review of Linguistics 55(2): 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511783364.003
Lewis, M.P., Simons, G.F. and Fennig, C.D. 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 18th Ed. Texas: SIL International.
Martin, P.W. 1996. Brunei Malay and bahasa Melayu: A sociolinguistic perspective. In Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam, eds. P.W. Martin, C. O?óg and G. Poedjosoedarmo, 27–36. Ohio: Center of International Studies.
Martin, P.W. and Poedjosoedarmo, G. 1996. Introduction: An overview of the language situation in Brunei Darussalam. In Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam, eds. P.W. Martin, C. O?óg dan G. Poedjosoedarmo, 1–26. Ohio: Center of International Studies.
Mataim Bakar. 2001. Bahasa Melayu dalam sistem pendidikan dwibahasa Negara Brunei Darussalam. Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa 4: 213–230.
McLellan, J. 2014. Strategies for revitalizing endangered Borneo languages: A comparison between Negara Brunei Darussalam and Sarawak, Malaysia. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal 14: 14–22.
. 2005. Malay-English language alternation in two Brunei Darussalam online discussion forums. PhD diss., Curtin University of Technology.
?. 1997. Linguistic imperialism and the cultural politics of EIL. In The context of Southeast Asia: Outsiders’ and insiders’ perspectives on the roles of English, 156–165. Singapore: National Institute of Education.
McLellan, J. and Chua-Wong, P. 2002. Two languages in the classroom: Clashing codes or coexistence? ACELT Journal 6(2): 11–19.
Meuser, M. and Nagel, U. 2009. The expert interview and changes in knowledge production. In Interviewing experts, eds. A. Bogner, B. Littig and W. Menz, 17–42. Basingtoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
Najib Noorashid. 2020. A study on atttitudes towards the Malay language and its vitality in Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. PhD diss., Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Najib Noorashid and McLellan, J. 2021. “I speak English, but I’m still a Malay”: Language attitudes and identity amongst bilingual Bruneians living in London. rEFLections 28(1): 121–143. ?
. 2018. Teaching and learning an ethnic minority language at university level: The case of Dusun in Brunei. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies 18(1): 217–233.
Ng, B.C. and Wigglesworth, G. 2007. Bilingualism: An advanced resource book. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
Noor Azam Haji-Othman. 2005. Changes in the linguistic diversity of Negara Brunei Darussalam. PhD diss., University of Leicester.
Noor Azam Haji-Othman dan Siti Ajeerah Najib. 2016. The state of indigenous languages in Brunei. In The use and status of language in Brunei, eds. Noor Azam HajiOthman, J. McLellan dan D. Deterding, 17–29. Singapore: Springer.
Nothofer, B. 1991. The language of Brunei Darussalam. In Papers in Pacific linguistics, A-81, ed. H. Steinhauer. Canberra: Australian National University.
Nurhayati. 2009. Mengembangkan kebersamaan antarabangsa melalui bahasa. Paper presented at the Seminar Nasional Dies Natalis ke-44 FIB Undip: Mengembangkan Kebersamaan Masyarakat ASEAN Melalui Pendekatan Budaya, Semarang, Indonesia, 27 Oktober.
O?óg, A.C.K. 1996. The unplanned use of English: The case of Brunei Darussalam. In Language use and language change in Brunei Darussalam, eds. P.W. Martin, C. O?óg dan G. Poedjosoedarmo, 156–172. Ohio: Center of International Studies.
Rabiatul Kamit. 2012. Bahasa rojak affecting Malay language. The Brunei Times, 22 April. Retrieved from http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2012/04/22/bahasa-rojakaffecting-malay-language (accessed 11 May 2016).
Ronnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Backman, L. and Nilsson, L.G. 2005. Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Crosssectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging 20(1): 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.3
Saxena, M. 2006. Multilingual and multicultural identities in Brunei Darussalam. In Language policy, culture and identity in Asian contexts, eds. A. Tsui dan J. Tollefson, 262–303. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Saxena, M. and Sercombe, P. 2002. Patterns and variations in language attitudes and language choices among Bruneians. In Education and society in plurilingual contexts, eds. W.C. Daniel dan G.M. Jones, 248–265. Brussels: VUB Press.
Syah, S. 2007. “Bahasa rojak” and the fate of the Malay language. The Brunei Times, 28 June. Retrieved from http://www.bt.com.bn/classification/opinion/2007/06/28/bahasa_rojak_and_the_fate_of_the_malay_language (accessed 29 April 2016).
Trudgill, P. 2003. A glossary of sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2011. UNESCO’s Language vitality and endangerment methodological guideline: Review of application and feedback since 2003. Paper presented at the UNESCO’s Culture Sector for Expert Meeting “Towards UNESCO guidelines on Language Policies: A Tool for Language Assessment and Planning”, Paris, 30 May–1 June. ?
. 2003. Language vitality and endangerment. Paper presented at the International Expert Meeting on UNESCO Programme Safeguarding of Endangered Languages, Paris, 10–12 March.
Wood, A., Swan, J., Elgar, A. and Alkaff, S.N.H. 2001. Shifting sands: Malay in place of English, English for Malay; Language in the workplace in Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented at the Conference of Plurilingual Hubs in the New Millennium, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 9–11 January.
Zaim Mahmud. 2010. Sikap bahasa dalam kalangan mahasiswa dan mahasiswi Universiti Brunei Darussalam dan Institut Teknologi Brunei. BA diss., Universiti Brunei Darussalam.