Ritual Muinsamung Etnik Tombonuo: Perubahan dan Pemeliharaan Secara Kreatif Muinsamung Ritual of the Tombonuo: Changes and Creative Conservation
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Abstract
Muinsamung is a traditional ritual of the Tombonuo people residing in the Pitas district of Sabah. Before the North Borneo (British) Charted Company took over the administration of the North Borneo (Sabah) government in the late 19th century, it was associated with the headhunting practices of the Tombonuo. The focus of this article is on the changes in the muinsamung ritual based on the theory of ritual changes. The formation of the modern Sumanggak dance by Suana Kabora in 1983 as a creative conservation of the old ritual is also given due emphasis. Two field trips in three Tombonuo villages of Pitas district were made to collect data based on interviews and observations. This study found that the function of muinsamung has changed from headhunting ritual to monginsamung (funeral ritual) due to political and social changes. Due to the desire to conserve the old ritual, parts of the old ritual performance have been creatively incorporated into a form of dance, which are deemed as changes from a sacred ritual to a secular aesthetic performance.
Muinsamung ialah ritual turun-temurun etnik Tombonuo, yang menetap di daerah Pitas, Sabah. Ritual ini pada asalnya berkait rapat dengan aktiviti mengayau sebelum Syarikat Berpiagam (British) Borneo Utara mentadbir Borneo Utara (Sabah) pada akhir kurun ke-19. Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis aspek perubahan ritual muinsamung berasaskan teori perubahan ritual. Selain itu, pengolahan tarian Sumanggak oleh Suana Kabora pada tahun 1983 sebagai satu usaha kreatif bagi memulihara ritual silam Tombonuo turut diteliti. Bagi mengumpul data kajian, dua siri kerja lapangan yang menggunakan kaedah temu bual dan pemerhatian telah dilakukan di tiga buah kampung Tombonuo di daerah Pitas. Kajian ini mendapati fungsi ritual muinsamung yang berkait dengan aktiviti mengayau telah berubah menjadi ritual monginsamung, yang dikendalikan untuk upacara pengebumian disebabkan perubahan politik dan kehendak sosial. Disebabkan wujudnya keinginan untuk memastikan agar ritual turun-temurun etniknya terus dikekalkan, sebahagian daripada persembahan ritual lama ini telah diolah secara kreatif oleh anggota masyarakat menjadi satu bentuk tarian lantas dianggap sebagai satu perubahan daripada ritual yang sakral kepada persembahan estetik yang sekular.
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