Locating the Bhagavadgita on the Deep Ecology Platform: A Study of Convergence and Divergence

Main Article Content

Padm Nabh Trivedi
Smita Jha

Abstract

Hinduism records a strong ecological underpinning in the dharmic system of life which is reflected in the core religious texts like the Bhagavadgita. In the text, the Brahman figure Krishna reveals himself as personified cosmic energy pervading all living and non-living beings and beyond. The eight-pointed deep ecology platform formulated by Arne Naess, demands a radical paradigm shift in human lifestyle for flourishing of nature and biodiversity and the ecosophy conceptualises individual eco-consciousness. As deep ecology was influenced by the Bhagavadgita also, the present study investigates the converging and diverging relations between the deep ecology and the Bhagavadgita and, thereby, foregrounding the limitations of the former to unravel the ecological discourse of the text.

Article Details

How to Cite
Locating the Bhagavadgita on the Deep Ecology Platform: A Study of Convergence and Divergence. (2025). KEMANUSIAAN The Asian Journal of Humanities, 32(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.21315/kajh2025.32.1.1
Section
Articles

References

Aurobindo, S. 1922. Essays on the Gita. Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust.

Buell, L. 2001. Writing for an endangered world. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Chapple, C.K. 2001. Hinduism and deep ecology. In Deep ecology and world religions: New Essays on Sacred Ground, eds. D.L. Barnhill and R.S. Gottlieb, 59–76. 1st Ed. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Clark, T. 2015. Ecocriticism on the edge: The Anthropocene as a threshold concept. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Cohen, M.P. 1986. The pathless way: John Muir and American wilderness. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Coward, H. 2000. The ecological implications of karma theory. In Purifying the earthly body of god: Religion and ecology in Hindu India, ed. L.E. Nelson, 39–49. New York: State University of New York Press.

Davis, R.H. 2014. The Bhagavad Gita: A biography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Desai, M. 1946. Gita according to Gandhi. Ahmedabad: Jaggernaut Publications.

Dwivedi, O.P. 2000. Dharmic ecology. In Hinduism and ecology: The intersection of earth, sky and water, eds. C.K. Chapple and M.E. Tucker, 59–76. Harvard: Harvard Divinity Publication.

Glotfelty, C. 1996. Introduction. In Ecocriticism reader: Landmarks in literary ecology, eds. C. Glotfelty and H. Fromm, xv–xxxvii. Athens/London: The University of Georgia Press.

Guha, R. 2013. Radical American environmentalism and wilderness preservation: A third world critique. The Future of Nature: Documents of Global Change 11(1): 409–426. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315239897-12

Haigh, M. 2022. Environment as god, instruction and call to service: Toward a manifesto for, the Vaishnava environmentalist. Journal of Vaishnava Studies 24(1): 81–93.

Inden, R.B. 2000. Imagining India. Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Jacobsen, K.A. 1996. Bhagavadgītā, Ecosophy T, and deep ecology. Inquiry 39(2): 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201749608602418

Khoshoo, T.N. 1999. The Dharma of ecology. Current Science Association 77(9): 1147–1153. https://doi.org/10.2307/24103696

Kinsley, D.R. 1995. Ecology and religion: Ecological spirituality in cross-cultural perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Lodrick, D.O. 2005. Symbol and sustenance: Cattle in South Asian culture. Dialectical Anthropology 29: 61–84.

Malhotra, R. 2011. Being different: An Indian challenge to Western universalism. Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers India and India Today Group.

Naess, A. 2012. Ecosophy T: Deep versus shallow ecology. In Environmental ethics: Readings in theory and application, ed. P.P.L. Pojman, 222–230. 6th Ed. Boston: Wadsworth.

Naess, A. 1995a. The shallow and deep, long-range ecology movements: A summary. In Deep ecology for the twenty-first century, ed. G. Sessions, 151–155. Boston/ London: Shambhala.

Naess, A. 1995b. The deep ecological movement. In Deep ecology for the twenty-first century, ed. G. Sessions, 64–84. Boston/London: Shambhala.

Naess, A. 1989. Ecology, community, and lifestyle: Outline of an ecosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Padhy, S. 2016. An ethno-ecological introspection of the Bhagavad Gita: 7. Proliferation of the biodiversity and human society. Journal of Biodiversity 7(1): 13–24.

Padhy, S. 2014. Ethno-ecological introspection into Bhagawatgeetaa: 3. Conservation and ramification of biodiversity. Journal of Human Ecology 45(1): 41–48.

Prabhupada, A.C.B.S. 1986. Bhagavad Gita as it is. 2nd Ed. Mumbai: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.

Radhakrishnan, S. 2018/1926. The Hindu view of life. 11th Ed. Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers India.

Radhakrishnan, S. 2010. The Bhagavadgitā: With an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes. Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers India and India Today Group.

Rajarajan, R.K.K. 2021. Dravidian/Tamil concept of religion is Sanatanadharma a religion? In Into the nuances of culture: Essays on culture studies, eds. G. Bhaskaran and J. Blais, 54–94. Jaipur: Yking Books.

Rajarajan, R.K.K. 2020. Water, source of “genesis” and the end macro and micro Viṣṇu in the hymns of the Āḻvārs. The Medieval History Journal 23(2): 296–331.

Schweig, G.M. 2022. Talking to plants: The Vraja Gopikås. Journal of Vaishnava Studies 18(2): 87–97.

Smith, F.M. 2006. The self-possessed: Deity and spirit possession in South Asian literature and civilization. Columbia: Columbia University Press.

Srinivasan, S. 2004. Shiva as “cosmic dancer”: On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze. World Archaeology 36(3): 432–450.

Sullivan, L.E. 2000. Preface. In Hinduism and ecology: The intersection of earth, sky and water, eds. C.K. Chapple and M.E. Tucker, xi–xiv. Harvard: Harvard Divinity Publication.

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and Parliament of World Religions. 2020. Faith for Earth: A call for action. Nairobi: UNEP.

Weber, T. 1999. Gandhi, deep ecology, peace research and Buddhist economics. Journal of Peace Research 36(3): 349–61.

Zaehner, R.C.1969. The Bhagavad Gita. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.