Pharmacoeconomic Implications of Cara Distribusi Obat Yang Baik Non-Compliance Among Pharmaceutical Wholesalers in Indonesia: A Narrative Review
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Abstract
Challenges and obstacles in the pharmaceutical distribution chain arising from misalignment between good distribution practice (GDP), locally referred to as cara distribusi obat yang baik (CDOB), and the operational interests of pharmaceutical wholesalers (Pedagang Besar Farmasi, [PBF]) may contribute to pharmaceutical and public health risks that undermine health system resilience. This study aimed to identify key forms of CDOB non-compliance and to analyse their pharmacoeconomic implications within the Indonesian pharmaceutical distribution system. This narrative review analysed 23 national and international journal articles retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed and national journal portals using the keywords “good distribution practice”, “good drug distribution methods”, “pharmaceutical wholesalers”, “CDOB”, “distribution of medicines” and “pharmacoeconomic impact”. The literature was analysed descriptively and thematically, with findings categorised according to major CDOB aspects (health, appropriateness and safeguarding) based on Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) Regulation No. 6 of 2020 and BPOM Regulation No. 20 of 2025. The findings indicate that CDOB non-compliance in Indonesia is commonly associated with disruptions in medicine availability, distribution delays and deterioration of product quality during storage and transportation, all of which negatively affect health service delivery and generate avoidable economic burdens. Strengthened regulatory enforcement, continuous monitoring and improved alignment between CDOB requirements and PBF operational practices are essential to enhance distribution efficiency and minimise pharmacoeconomic losses within the national health system.
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