Validation of Integrated Periphyton Technology in Mixed Sex Culture of Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii: Insights into Impact of Heterogenous Independent Differentiation and Gender on Growth Dynamics in Grow Out
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluated the performance of mixed sex postlarval (PL) populations of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, cultured under Integrated Periphyton Technology (IPT) and Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) conditions. The trials were conducted in triplicate over 44 days of nursery culture (T1), followed by 60 days of growth after size separation (T2 and T3). The carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios were optimised through molasses supplementation. The water quality parameters in both systems remained within acceptable ranges. Key performance indicators, including body weight, survival rate, average daily gain, specific growth rate, harvest biomass and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were analysed across T1 and T2. While nursery performance (T1) was not significantly different between the IPT and RAS systems, Morphological
distinctions among male morphotypes (BC, OC and SM) and females were characterised, with sex specific growth performance compared across T1 and T2, as were sizeseparated populations in T3. IPT demonstrated more effective production of Blue Claw (BC) prawns during the grow-out phase (T2). IPT, a zero-discharge system, matched or outperformed RAS, while eliminating the need for external effluent management, while equivalent FCR did not establish periphyton as a supplemental food source within the production volume. Although size separation yielded variable benefits, enhancement of overall productivity was inconclusive. This study highlights IPT as a sustainable alternative to conventional RAS, offering equivalent FCR, and lower energy consumption, and land resource requirement. Further investigations are warranted to optimise intensive IPT systems for economic feasibility and environmental sustainability, contributing to broader advancements in aquaculture.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Arndt R E, Routledge M D, Wagner E J and Mellenthin R F. (2002). The use of AquaMats to enhance growth and improve fin condition among raceway cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture Research 33: 359–367. https://onlnelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00670.x
Asaduzzaman M, Rahman M M, Azim M E, Islam M A, Wahab M A, Verdegem M C J and Verreth J A J. (2010). Effects of C/N ratio and substrate addition on natural food communities in freshwater prawn monoculture ponds. Aquaculture 306: 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.035
Asaduzzaman M, Wahab M A, Verdegem M C J, Huque S, Salam M A and Azim M E. (2008). C/N ratio control and substrate addition for periphyton development jointly enhance freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii production in ponds. Aquaculture 280: 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.019
Audelo-Naranjo J M, Martinez-Cordova L R and Voltolina D. (2010). Nitrogen budget in intensive cultures of Litopenaeus vannamei in mesocosms, with zero water exchange and artificial substrates. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia 45(3): 519–524.
Audelo-Naranjo J M, Martinez-Cordova L R, Gomez-Jimenez S and Voltolina D. (2012a). Intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei without water exchange and with an artificial substrate. Hidrobiologica 22(1): 1–7.
Audelo-Naranjo J M, Martinez-Cordova L R, Voltolina D and Gomez-Jimenez S. (2011). Water quality, production parameters and nutritional condition of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) grown intensively in zero water exchange mesocosms with artificial substrates. Aquaculture Research 42: 1371–1377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02725.x
Audelo-Naranjo J M, Voltolina D and Romero-Beltran E. (2012b). Culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) with zero water exchange and no food addition: An eco-friendly approach. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 40(2): 441–447. https://doi.org/10.3856/vol40-issue2-fulltext-19
Azim M E and Little D C. (2006). Intensifying aquaculture production through new approaches to manipulating natural food. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 1: No. 062. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20061062
Ballester E L C, Marzarotto S A, de Castro C S, Frozza A, Pastore I and Abreu P C. (2017). Productive performance of juvenile freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii in biofloc system. Aquaculture Research 48: 4748–4755. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13296
Banu R and Christianus A. (2016). Giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming: A review on its current status and prospective in Malaysia. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 7: 4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000423
Bell A N, Guttman L, Main K L, Nystrom M, Brennan N P and Ergas S J. (2023). Hydrodynamics of an integrated fish and periphyton recirculating aquaculture system. Algal Research 71(2023): 103028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2023.103028
Biswas G, Kumar P, Ghoshal T K, Das S, De D, Bera A, Anand P S S and Kailasam M. (2022). Periphyton: A natural fish food item for replacement of feed at optimized substrate surface area for cost-effective production in brackishwater polyculture. Aquaculture 561: 738672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738672
Browdy C L, Ray A J, Leffler J W and Avnimelech Y. (2012). Biofloc-based aquaculture systems: J H Tidwell (ed.), Aquaculture production systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 278–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118250105.ch12
Coyle S D, Alson D E and Sampio C M S. (2010). Nursery systems and management. In M B New, W C Valenti, J H Tidwell, L R D’Abramo and Kutty M N. (eds.), Freshwater prawns biology and farming. UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 108–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314649.ch7
Crab R, Avnimelech Y, Defoirdt T, Bossier P and Verstraete W. (2007). Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture 270: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.006
Crab R, Delfoirdt T, Bossier P and Verstaete W. (2012). Biofloc technology in aquaculture: Beneficial effects and future challenges. Aquaculture 356–357: 351–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2012.04.046
Crab R, Lambert A, Defoirdt T, Bossier P and Verstraete W. (2010). The application of bioflocs technology to protect brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) from pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109: 1643–1649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04791.x
Daniels W H and D’Abramo L R. (1994). Pond production characteristics of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii as influenced by the stocking of size-graded populations of juveniles. Aquaculture 122: 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90331-X
Daniels W H, D’Abramo L R, Fondren M W and Durant M D. (1995). Effects of stocking density and feed on pond production characteristics and revenue of harvested freshwater prawns Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii stocked as size-graded juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 26(1):
–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00207.x
Furtado P S, Poersch L H and Wasielesky W. (2015). The effect of different alkalinity levels on Litopenaeus vannamei reared with biofloc technology (BFT). Aquaculture International 23: 345–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9819-x
Habib S. (2017, September 24). Growing big on udang galah. TheStar.com. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/24/growing-big-on-udang-galah-biotechnological-breeding-methods-using-only-males-of-the-species-look-se/
Hamzah A, Kaharudin M S, Balton M, Hafizi W M and Nguyen N H. (2022). Genetic selection for harvest body weight in the Malaysian giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). International Journal of Agricultural Technology 18(3): 975–990.
Hasan M N, Rahman M S, Hosen M F and Bashar M A. (2012). Effects of addition of tilapia on the abundance of periphyton in freshwater prawn culture ponds with periphyton substrates. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10(2): 313–324. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14924
Haslawati B, Saadiah I, Siti-Dina R P, Othman M and Latif M T. (2022). Environmental assessment of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming through life cycle assessment. Sustainability 14: 14776. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214776
Huang Z, Wan R, Song X and Hallerman E. (2013). Assessment of AquaMats for removing ammonia in intensive commercial Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture systems. Aquaculture International 21: 1333–1342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-013-9636-7
Karplus I and Sagi A. (2010). The biology and management of size variation. In M B New, W C Valenti, J H Tidwell, L R D’Abramo and Kutty M N. (eds.), Freshwater prawns biology and farming. UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 316–345. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314649.ch16
Karplus I. (2005). Social control of growth in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man): A review and prospects for future research. Aquaculture Research 36: 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01239.x
Khanjani M H and Sharifinia M. (2020). Biofloc technology as a promising tool to improve aquaculture production. Reviews in Aquaculture 12: 1836–1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12412
Khanjani M H, Mohammadi M and Emerenciano M G C. (2022). Microorganisms in biofloc aquaculture system. Aquaculture Reports 26: 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101300
Khanjani M H, Sharifini M and Hajirezaee S. (2023). Biofloc: A sustainable alternative for improving the production of farmed cyprinid species. Aquaculture Reports 33(2023): 101748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101748
Kumar S, Pandey P K, Kumar S, Anand T, Suryakumar B and Bhuvaneswari R. (2019). Effect of periphyton (Aquamat installation) on the profitability of semi intensive shrimp culture systems. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 7(1): 1–9.
Li Z, Wang G, Yu E, Zhang K, Yu D, Gong W and Xie J. (2019). Artificial substrata increase pond farming density of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by increasing the bacteria that participate in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in pond water. PeerJ 7906: 1–18. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7906
Losordo T M and Hobbs A O. (2000). Using computer spreadsheets for water flow and biofilter sizing in recirculating aquaculture production systems. Aquacultural Engineering 23: 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8609(00)00048-0
Marlowe H A. (2006). The effects of nursery length and pond substrate use in production of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1731
Marques H L and Lombardi J V. (2011). Compensatory growth of Malaysian prawns reared at high densities during the nursery phase. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40(4): 701–707. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011000400001
Marques H L, Barros H P, Mallasen M, Boock M V and Valenti P M. (2012). Influence of stocking densities in the nursery phase on the growth of Macrobrachium amazonicum reared in net pens. Aquaculture 358–359: 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.06.011
Marques H L, Lombardi J V, Mallasen M, de Barros H P and Boock M V. (2010). Stocking densities in cage rearing of Amazon river prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum) during nursery phases. Aquaculture 307: 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.035
Martínez-Córdova L R, Emerenciano M, Miranda-Baeza A and Martinez-Porchas M. (2015). Microbial-based systems for aquaculture of fish and shrimp: An updated review. Reviews in Aquaculture 7: 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12058
Nevejan N, De Schryver P, Wille M, Dierckens K, Baruah K and Von Stappen G. (2018). Bacteria as food in aquaculture: Do they make a difference? Reviews in Aquaculture 10: 180–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12155
New M B and Kutty M N. (2010). Commercial freshwater prawn farming and enhancement around the world. In M B New, W C Valenti, J H Tidwell, L R D’Abramo and Kutty M N. (eds.), Freshwater prawns biology and farming. UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 316–345. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444314649
Paerl H W and Pinckney J L. (1996). Mini-review of microbial consortia: Their roles in aquatic production and biogeochemical cycling. Microbial Ecology 31: 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00171569
Pérez-Fuentes J A, Perez-Rostro C I and Hernandez-Vergara M P. (2013). Pond-reared Malaysian prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii with the biofloc system. Aquaculture 400–401: 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.028
Ra’anan Z, Sagi A, Wax Y, Karplus I, Hulata G and Kuris A. (1991). Growth, size rank, and maturation of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Analysis of marked prawns in an experimental population. The Biological Bulletin 181(3): 179–386. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542358
Rahman S M S, Wahab M A, Islam M A, Kundal M and Azim M E. (2010). Effects of selective harvesting and claw ablation of all-male freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) on water quality, production and economics in polyculture ponds. Aquaculture Research 41: e404–e417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02472.x
Ranjeet K and Kurup B M. (2002). Heterogeneous individual growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii male morphotypes. Naga, The ICLARM Quarterly 25(2): 13–18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227642225
Ray A J, Dillon K S and Lotz J M. (2011). Water quality dynamics and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in intensive, mesohaline culture systems with two levels of biofloc management. Aquacultural Engineering 45: 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.09.001
Schryver P, Crab R, Defoirdt T, Boon N and Verstraete W. (2008). The basics of bioflocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture 277: 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019
Schveitzer R, Arantes R, Baloi M F, Costodio P F, Arana L V, Seiffert W Q and Andreatta E R. (2012). Use of artificial substrates in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei (Biofloc System) at different stocking densities: Effects on microbial activity, water quality and production rates. Aquacultural Engineering 54: 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.12.003
Suantika G, Situmorang M L, Nurfathurahmi A, Taufik I, Aditiawati P, Yusuf N and Aulia R. (2018). Application of indoor recirculation aquaculture system for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growout super-intensive culture at low salinity condition. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 9: 4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000530
Taufik M, Ismail T I T, Manan H, Ikhwanuddin M, Salam A I A, Rahim A I A, Ishak A N, Kamaruzzan A S, Draman A S and Kasan N A. (2024). Synergistic effects of Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) with combination of clear water, probiotic and biofloc technology: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries 9(6): 883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2023.07.006
Tuly D M, Islam M S, Hasnahena M, Hasan M R and Hasan M T. (2014). Use of artificial substrate in pond culture of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii): A new approach regarding growth performance and economic return. Journal of Fisheries 2(1): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.12
Valenti W C and Moraes-Riodades P M C. (2004). Freshwater prawn farming in Brazil. August, Global Aquaculture Advocate 7(4): 52–53.
Yu E, Xie J, Wang J, Ako H, Wang G, Chen Z and Liu Y. (2016). Surface-attached and suspended bacterial community structure as affected by C/N ratios: Relationship between bacteria and fish production. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 32: 116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-016-2065-9
Zhang B, Lin W, Huang J, Wang Y and Xu R. (2010). Effects of artificial substrates on the growth, survival and spatial distribution of Litopenaeus vannamei in the intensive culture condition. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 9(2): 293–304. https://jifro.ir/article-1-9-en.pdf
Zhang B, Lin W, Wang Y and Xu R. (2010). Effects of artificial substrates on growth, spatial distribution and non-specific immunity factors of Litopenaeus vannamei in the intensive culture condition. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10: 491–497. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2010.0408
Zhang B. (2011). Influence of artificial substrates on the attachment behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei under intensive culture conditions. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3(1): 37–43.
Zhang K, Yu D, Li Z, Xie J, Wang G, Gong W, Yu E and Tian J. (2020). Influence of eco-substrate addition on organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of intensive aquaculture ponds of the Pearl River, China. Aquaculture 520: 734868. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.aquaculture.2019.734868