Morphological Variation between Hatchery Bred and Wild Caught Anabas testudineus in Malaysia

Main Article Content

Okomoda Victor Tosin
Ahmad Azfar Mohamed
Nur Asma Ariffin
Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury
Abol-Munafi Ambok Bolong

Abstract


This study was designed to characterise the cultured and wild populations of Anabas testudineus in Malaysia using morphological parameters. Fish samples from the East and West coast of the country were obtained from fishermen (wild samples) and well-recognised climbing perch farmers in Kedah, Kelantan, Johor and Selangor. The Truss network method was applied to obtain necessary data and analysed to examine phenotypic variation between the cultured and wild stocks. Results obtained suggest that each hatchery population belonged to a distinct stock as revealed by their separate clustering into individual unique groups. However, an extensive overlap was observed in the wild population suggesting similarity of origin. The most important morphological parameters for the discrimination of the two populations are the homologous landmark B (i.e., snout to insertion of the pelvic fin) and C (i.e., above the eye to insertion of the pelvic fin). Genetic characterisation of the A. testudineus is needed to complement the findings of this study and establish a baseline for the development of a selective breeding programme for the fish species in Malaysia.


 



Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mencirikan populasi Anabas testudineus yang dikultur dan liar di Malaysia menggunakan parameter morfologi. Sampel ikan dari pantai timur dan barat negara ini diperoleh daripada nelayan (sampel liar) dan penternak ikan yang diiktiraf di Kedah, Kelantan, Johor dan Selangor. Kaedah rangkaian Truss digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan dan dianalisis untuk memeriksa variasi fenotip antara stok kultur dan liar. Keputusan yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa setiap populasi penetasan tergolong dalam stok yang berbeza seperti yang didedahkan oleh kelompok berasingan ke dalam kumpulan unik individu. Walau bagaimanapun, pertindihan yang luas diperhatikan dalam populasi liar yang mencadangkan persamaan asal. Parameter morfologi yang paling penting untuk diskriminasi kedua-dua populasi ialah mercu tanda homolog B (iaitu, snout untuk memasukkan sirip pelvis) dan C (iaitu, di atas mata untuk memasukkan sirip pelvis). Pencirian genetik A. testudineus diperlukan untuk melengkapkan penemuan kajian ini dan mewujudkan asas untuk pembangunan program pembiakan terpilih untuk spesies ikan di Malaysia.



Article Details

How to Cite
Morphological Variation between Hatchery Bred and Wild Caught Anabas testudineus in Malaysia. (2022). Tropical Life Sciences Research, 33(1), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.12
Section
Original Article

References

Ahmad A B M. (2015). Genetic and morphometric variability assessment of wild and captive populations of the climbing perch, Anabas testudineus towards development of a selective breeding programme. PhD diss., Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

Allendorf F W, Ryman N and Utter F. (1987). Genetics and fishery management: Past, present and future. In: U Ryman and F Utter, editors. Population genetics and fisheries management. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press, 1–19.

Ambak M A, Isa M M, Zakaria M Z and Ghaffar M A. (2010). Fishes of Malaysia. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.

Atal S, Kabir R and Ali M. (2009). Breeding performance of Thai koi Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1972) in different months of the breeding season under two sex ratios. Bangladesh Research Public Journal 2: 667–673.

Aung O, Nguyen T T, Poompuang S and Kamonrat W. (2010). Microsatellite DNA markers revealed genetic population structure among captive stocks and wild populations of mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosus in Myanmar. Aquaculture 299(1): 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.12.010

Bagherian A and Rahmani H. (2009). Morphological discrimination between two populations of shemaya, Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), using a truss network. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 32(1): 1–8.

Barriga-Sosa I D L A, Jiménez-Badillo M D L, Ibáñez A L Arredondo-Figueroa J L. (2004). Variability of tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) introduced in Mexico: Morphometric, meristic and genetic characters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 20(1): 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00445.x

Begg G A and Waldman J R. (1999). An holistic approach to fish stock identification. Fisheries Research 43(1): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00065-X

Blanchet S, Páez D J, Bernatchez L and Dodson J J. (2008). An integrated comparison of captive-bred and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Implications for supportive breeding programs. Biological Conservation 141(8): 1989–1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.014

Bungas K, Arfiati D, Marsoedi and Halim H. (2013). Effects of protein levels on the growth of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus Galam type, in peat water. International Research Journal of Biological Science 2(4): 55–58.

Cacot P, Lazard J and Lésel R. (2009). Domestication of the indigenous Mekong fish species: The issues and the aquaculture potential. Cahiers Agricultures 18(2/3): 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2009.0304

Chaturvedi C S, Ambulkar R S, Singh R K and Pandey A K. (2015). Induced spawning in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and hatching of eggs in three different types of hatching systems at Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India. National Journal of Life Science 12(2): 215–221.

Chotipuntu P and Avakul P. (2011). Aquaculture potential of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, in brackish water. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology 7(1): 15–21.

Costa C, Tibaldi E, Pasqualetto L and Loy A. (2006). Morphometric comparison of the cephalic region of cultured Acipenser baerii (Brandt, 1869), Acipenser naccarii (Bonaparte, 1836) and their hybrid. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22(1): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00647.x

Doukakis P, Birstein V J, De Salle R, Ludwig A N, Ludwig A, Machordom A, Almodovar A and Elvira B. (2000). Original: Failure to confirm previous identification of two putative museum specimens of the Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, as the Adriatic sturgeon, A. naccarii. Marine Biology 136: 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050695

Elliott N G, Haskard K and Koslow J A. (1995). The truss: Morphometric analysis of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) off the continental slope of southern Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 46: 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb05962.x

El-Serafy S S, Abdel-Hameid N-A H, Awwad M H and Azab M S. (2007). DNA riboprinting analysis of Tilapia species and their hybrids using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the small subunit ribosomal DNA. Aquaculture Research 38: 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01668.x

Garrido-Ramos M A, Soriguer M C, de la Herran R, Jamilena M, Ruiz Rejon C, Domezain A, Hernando J A and Ruiz Rejon M. (1997). Morphometric and genetic analysis as proof of the existence of two sturgeon species in the Guadalquivir River. Marine Biology 129: 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050143

Gopikrishna G, Sarada C and Sathianandan T V. (2006). Truss morphometry in the Asian seabass-Lates calcarifer. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 48(2): 220–223.

Haddon M and Willis T J. (1995). Morphometric and meristic comparison of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus: Trachichthyidae) from the Puysegur Bank and Lord Howe Rise, New Zealand, and its implications for stock structure. Marine Biology 123: 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350319

Hassan A, Okomoda V T and Sanusi F A.(2018). Fertilization, hatching and embryogenesis of Diploid and Triploid eggs of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792). Zygote 26(5): 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199418000187

Hitchcock G. (2008). Climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) (Perciformes: Anabantidae) on Saibai Island, Northwest Torres Strait: First Australian record of this exotic pest fish. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 52(2): 207–211.

Hossain M A R, Nahiduzzaman M, Saha D, Habiba Khanam M U and Alam M S. (2010). Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of the endangered carp, Kalibaus Labeo calbasu, from stocks of two isolated rivers, the Jamuna and Halda, and a hatchery. Zoological Studies 49(4): 556–563.

Hughes G M, Munshi J S and Ojha J. (1986). Post-embryonic development of waterand airbreathing organs of Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Journal of Fish Biology 29(4): 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04959.x

Jaferian A, Zolgharnein H, Mohammadi M, Salari-Aliabadi M A and Hossini S J. (2010). Morphometric study of Eleutheronema tetradactylum in Persian Gulf based on the truss network. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 2(6): 499–504.

Kaiser H. (1961). A note on Guttman’s lower bound for the number of common factor. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1: 249–276.

Kapuscinski A R, Hove M, Senanan W and Miller L M. (1996). Selective breeding of walleye: Building block for closed-system aquaculture. Walleye culture manual. NCRAC Culture Series 101: 331–338.

Kohinoor A H M, Islam M S, Jahan D A, Khan M M and Hussain M G. (2013). Growth and production performances of crossbred climbing perch koi, Anabas testudineus in Bangladesh. International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 2(1): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v2i1.13990

Leslie C C and Grant W S. (1990). Lack of congruence between genetic and morphological stock structure of the Southern African anglerfish Lophius vomerinus. South African Journal of Marine Science 9(1): 379–398. https://doi.org/10.2989/025776190784378862

Loy A, Bronzi P and Molteni S. (1999). Geometric morphometrics in the characterization of the cranial growth pattern of Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15: 50–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00205.x

Murta A G, Pinto A L and Abaunza P. (2008). Stock identification of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) through the analysis of body shape. Fisheries Research 89(2): 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.026

Normala J, Mohd A A, Abol M A B, Nur A A, Khor W, Okomoda V T and Shahreza M S. (2017). Morphometric variations between triploid and diploid Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Croatian Journal of Fisheries 75: 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2017-0015

Okomoda V T. (2018). Hybridization between Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). PhD diss., Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31285.32480

Okomoda V T, Koh I C C, Hassan A, Amornsakun T and Shahreza M S. (2018). Morphological characterization of the progenies of pure and reciprocal crosses of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) and Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Scientific Reports 8: 3827. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22149-4

Olufeagba S O, Aluko P O and Eyo A A. (2002). Dietary protein requirements of triploid Heterobranchus. Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17(1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.4314/jas.v17i1.19900

Patiyal R S, Mir J I, Sharma R C, Chandra S and Mahanta P C. (2014). Pattern of meristic and morphometric variations between wild and captive stocks of endangered Tor putitora (Hamilton 1822) using multivariate statistical analysis methods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 84: 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-013-0206-6

Pinheiro A, Teixeira C M, Rego A L, Marques J F and Cabral H N. (2005). Genetic and morphological variation of Solea lascaris (Risso, 1810) along the Portuguese coast. Fisheries Research 73(1–2): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2005.01.004

Rahman S, Monir M S and Khan M H. (2013). Culture potentials of climbing perch, Thai koi, Anabas Testudineus (Bloch) under different stocking densities in northern regions of Bangladesh. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 1(3): 202–208.

Schweigert J F. (1990). Comparison of morphometric and meristic data against truss networks for describing Pacific herring stocks. American Fisheries Society Symposium 7: 47–62.

Sedwick S D. (1995). Trout farming handbook, 6th ed. Osney Mead, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.

Sen S, Jahageerdar S, Jaiswar A, Chakraborty S, Sajina A and Dash G. (2011). Stock structure analysis of Decapterus russelli (Ruppell, 1830) from east and west coast of India using truss network analysis. Fisheries Research 112(1): 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2011.08.008

Solomon S G, Okomoda V T and Ogbenyikwu A I. (2015). Intraspecific morphological variation between cultured and wild Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae, Siluriformes). Archives of Polish Fisheries 23(1): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2015-0006

Swain D P, Ridell B E and Murray C B. (1991). Morphological differences between hatchery and wild populations of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): Environmental versus genetic origin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 1783–1791. https://doi.org/10.1139/f91-210

Tallmon D A, Luikart G and Waples R S. (2004). The alluring simplicity and complex reality of genetic rescue. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19(9): 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.003

Turan C, Erguden D, Turan F and Gurlek M. (2004). Genetic and morphologic structure of Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) populations from the Rivers Orontes, Euphrates and Tigris. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 28: 729–734.

Turan C, Yalcin S, Turan F, Okur E and Akyurt I. (2005). Morphometric comparisons of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus populations in Turkey. Folia Zoologica 54: 165–172.

Uraiwan S, Sodsuk P K, Rungtongbaisuree S, Rattanatriwong W and Leesanga S. (2007). Recent updates on the selective breeding program for the genetic improvement of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Thailand. In M R R Eguia and M L C Aralar (Comps.), Recent developments in the genetic improvement of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium sp.). Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 44–47.

Wedemeyer G A. (2001). Fish hatchery management, 2nd ed. Betesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society.

Wimberger P H. (1992). Plasticity of fish body shape, the effects of diet, development, family and age in two species of Geophagus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45(3): 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00640.x

Zalina I, Saad C, Christianus A and Harmin S. (2012). Induced breeding and embryonic development of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch). Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science, 7(5): 291–360. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2012.291.306