Unveiling the Diversity of Periphytic Cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae) from Tropical Mangroves in Penang, Malaysia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the most important groups of photoautotrophic organisms, contributing to carbon and nitrogen fixation in mangroves worldwide. They also play an important role in soil retention and stabilisation and contribute to high plant productivity through their secretion of plant growth-promoting substances. However, their diversity and distribution in Malaysian mangrove ecosystems have yet to be studied in detail, despite Malaysia hosting a significant element of remaining mangroves globally. In a floristic survey conducted in Penang, peninsular Malaysia, 33 morphospecies of periphytic cyanobacteria were identified and described for the first time from a mangrove ecosystem in Malaysia. Sixteen genera, comprising Aphanocapsa, Chroococcus, Chroococcidiopsis, Cyanobacterium, Desmonostoc, Geitlerinema, Leptolyngbya, Lyngbya, Microcystis, Myxosarcina, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Pseudanabaena, Spirulina, Trichocoleus and Xenococcus, were obtained from field material growing on diverse natural and artificial substrata. Oscillatoriales was the dominant order with Phormidium the dominant genus at nine of the 15 sampling sites examined. Three of the morphospecies, Aphanocapsa cf. concharum, Xenococcus cf. pallidus and Oscillatoria pseudocurviceps, are rare and poorly known morphospecies worldwide. Chroococcus minutus, Phormidium uncinatum, P. amphigranulata, and some species of Oscillatoriales are considered as pollution indicator species. This study provides important baseline information for further investigation of the cyanobacterial microflora present in other mangrove areas around Malaysia. A complete checklist will enhance understanding of their ecological role and the potential for benefits arising from useful secondary metabolites or threats via toxin production to the ecosystem.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abu Hena M K, Idris M H, Rajaee A H and Siddique M A M. (2017). Length-weight relationships of three fish species from a tropical mangrove estuary of Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33: 858–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13385
Ahmad Y Z, Shafique S, Burhan Z N and Ahmed Siddique P J. (2016). Seasonal abundance of six dominant filamentous cyanobacterial species in microbial mats from mangrove backwaters in sandspit Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48: 1715–1722.
Alongi D M. (2005). A simple mass balance framework for estimating limits to sustainable mangrove production: Some examples from managed forests in Southeast Asia. Journal of Ecology and Environment 31: 147–155.
Alvarenga D O, Rigonato J, Branco L H Z and Fiore M F. (2015). Cyanobacteria in mangrove ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 24: 799–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0871-2
Atwood T B, Connolly, R M, Almahasheer, H, Carnell, P E, Duarte, C M, Lewis, C J E, Irigoien, X, Kelleway, J J, Lavery, P S, Macreadie, P I, Serrano, O, Sanders, C J, Santos, I, Steven, A D L and Lovelock C E. (2017). Global patterns in mangrove soil carbon stocks and losses. Nature Climate Change 7: 523–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3326
Auta, H S, Emenike, C U and Fauziah S H. (2017). Screening of Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove ecosystems in Peninsular Malaysia for microplastic degradation. Environmental Pollution 231: 1552–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.043
Azman A S, Othman I, Fang C M, Chan K G, Goh B H and Lee L H. (2017). Antibacterial, anticancer and neuroprotective activities of rare actinobacteria from mangrove forest soils. Indian Journal of Microbiology 57: 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0627-z
Azman A S, Zainal N, Mutalib N S A, Yin W F, Chan K G and Lee L H. (2016). Monashia flava gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinobacterium of the family Intrasporangiaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66: 554–561. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000753
Azmir I A, Esa Y, Amin S M N, Md Yasin I S and Md Yusof F Z. (2017). Identification of larval fish in mangrove areas of Peninsular Malaysia using morphology and DNA barcoding methods. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 33: 998–1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13425
Bagmi P, Rhena S and Ulf K. (2007). Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cyanobacteria and their protective mechanism. In: J. Seckbach (ed.), Algae and cyanobacteria in extreme environments. Springer Science & Business Media, 31–47.
Bakrin Sofawi A, Rozainah M Z, Normaniza O and Roslan H. (2017). Mangrove rehabilitation on Carey Island, Malaysia: An evaluation of replanting techniques and sediment properties. Marine Biology Research 13: 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451 000.2016.1267365
Baruddin N A, Shazili N A M and Pradit S. (2017). Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in relation to bioaccumulation in mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata from Kelantan Delta, Malaysia. AACL BIoflux 10: 172–181.
Billah M M, Kamal A H M, Idris M H B and Ismail J B. (2016). Seasonal variation in the occurrence and abundance of mangrove macroalgae in a Malaysian Estuary. Cryptogamie, Algologie 37: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.7872/crya/v37.iss2.2016.109
Bolch, C and Blackburn S I. (1996). Isolation and purification of Australian isolates of the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. Journal of Applied Phycology 8: 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02186215
Branco L, Moura A, Silva A and Bittencourt-Oliveira M. (2003). Biodiversity and biogeographical considerations of cyanobacteria from a mangrove area of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 17: 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062003000400010
Briand E, Bormans M, Gugger M, Dorrestein P C and Gerwick W H. (2016). Changes in secondary metabolic profiles of Microcystis aeruginosa strains in response to intraspecific interactions. Environmental Microbiology 18: 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12904
Camacho F A and Thacker R W. (2006). Amphipod herbivory on the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei: Chemical stimulants and morphological defenses. Limnology and Oceanography 51: 1870–1875. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.4.1870
Chaurasia A. (2015). Cyanobacterial biodiversity and associated ecosystem services: Introduction to the special issue. Biodiversity and Conservation 24(4): 707–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0908-6
Dadheech P K, Glöckner G, Casper P, Kotut K, Mazzoni C J, Mbedi S and Krienitz L. (2013). Cyanobacterial diversity in the hot spring, pelagic and benthic habitats of a tropical soda lake. FEMS Microbial Ecology 85: 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12128
Diana K and Papiya R. (2014). Diversity and species composition of subaerial algal communities in forested areas of Meghalaya, India. International Journal of Biodiversity 2014: 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/456202
Donner A. (2013). The case of Chroococcidiopsis : New phylogenetic and morphological insights into ecologically important cyanobacteria [Doctoral dissertation]. Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
Dor I. (1984). Epiphytic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) of the Sinai Mangal: Considerations on vertical zonation and morphological adaptations. In: F D Por, I Dor and D W Junk (eds.), Hydrobiology of the mangal. The Hague, The Netherlands: Springer, 35–53.
Essien J P and Ubom R M. (2003). Epipelic algae profile of the mixohaline mangrove swamp of Qua Iboe River Estuary (Nigeria). Environmentalist 23: 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ENVR.0000031410.54285.ff
Essien J P, Antai, S P, & Benson, N U (2008). Microalgae biodiversity and biomass status in Qua Iboe Estuary mangrove swamp, Nigeria. Aquatic Ecology 42: 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-007-9083-5
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2014). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Vol. 2014).
Gehringer M M and Wannicke N. (2014). Climate change and regulation of hepatotoxin production in cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbial Ecology 88: 1–25. https://doi. org/10.1111/1574-6941.12291
Hamzah K A, Omar H, Ibrahim S and Harun I. (2009). Digital change detection of mangrove forest in Selangor using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS). The Malaysian Forester 72: 59–67.
Harding J S, Clapcott J E, Quinn J M, Hayes J W, Jo M K, Storey, R G, Greig H S, Hay J, James T, Beech M A, Ozane R, Meredith A S and Boothroyd I K G. (2009). Stream habitat assessment protocols for wade able rivers and streams of New Zealand. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury.
Hemati Z, Hossain M and Rozainah M Z. (2017). Determination of carbon and nitrogen in litter fall of mangrove ecosystem in Peninsular Malaysia. Pakistan Journal of Botany 49: 1381–1386.
Hoque M M, Mustafa Kamal A H, Idris M H, Ahmed O H, Saifullah A S M and Billah M M. (2015). Status of some fishery resources in a tropical mangrove estuary of Sarawak, Malaysia. Marine Biology Research 11: 834–846. https://doi.org/10.108 0/17451000.2015.1016970
Hussain M I and Khoja T M. (1993). Intertidal and subtidal blue-green algal mats of open and mangrove areas in the Farasan Archipelago (Saudi Arabia), Red Sea. Botanica Marina 36: 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1993.36.5.377
Ismail M H, Chong V C, Ramli R and Sasekumar A (2017). Rediscovery of Ellobium scheepmakeri (Petit De La Saussaye, 1850) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ellobiidae), a rare ellobiid in Bukit Belimbing mangrove forest, Peninsular Malaysia. Molluscan Research 37: 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2017.1318460
John C and Lynn J R. (2014). Salt tolerance and polyphyly in the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis (Pleurocapsales). Journal of Phycology 50: 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12169
John D M, Whitton B A and Brook A J. (2002). The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kesarwani S, Tandon R and Tiwari G L. (2015). The genus Oscillatoria vaucher (Cyanoprokaryota) from India. Phykos 45: 18–29.
Komarek J. (2013a). 3rd Part: Heterocytous Genera. Sü?wasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Springer Spektrum.
Komárek J. (2013b). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 19/3: Cyanoprokaryota, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8274-2737-3_2
Komárek J. (2016). A polyphasic approach for the taxonomy of cyanobacteria: Principles and applications. European Journal of Phycology 51: 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2016.1163738
Komarek J and Anagnostidis K. (1998). Cyanoprokaryota. 1. Teil: Chroococcales, 19/1. Sü?wasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg.
Komárek J and Anagnostidis K. (1999). Cyanoprokaryota. I. Chroococcales. In: H Ettl, G Gärtner, H Heynig and D Mollenhauer (Eds.), Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Begründet von A. PascherBd. 19/3 Cyanoprokaryota. 1. Teil Chroococcales, Spektrum. Heidelberg & Berlin: Akademischer Verlag, 1–548.
Komárek J and Anagnostidis K. (2005). Cyanoprokaryota. 2. Teil: Oscillatoriales. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa; Band 19/2. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag Heidelberg.
Law J W F, Ser H L, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Bukhari S I, Khan T M, Nurul Syakima A M, Chan K G, Goh B H and Lee L H. (2017). Streptomyces colonosanans sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from Malaysia mangrove soil exhibiting antioxidative activity and cytotoxic potential against human colon cancer cell lines. Frontiers in Microbiology 8: 877. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00877
Le Q D, Haron N A, Tanaka K, Ishida A, Sano Y, Dung L V and Shirai K. (2017). Quantitative contribution of primary food sources for a mangrove food web in Setiu Lagoon from east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, stable isotopic (?13C and ?15N) approach. Regional Studies in Marine Science 9: 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2016.12.013
Lopes V R and Vasconcelos V M. (2011). Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria of European brackish waters: A perspective on estuaries and brackish seas. European Journal of Phycology 46: 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2011.602429
Lugomela C, Bergman B and Waterbury J B. (2001). Cyanobacterial diversity and nitrogen fixation in coastal areas around Zanzibar, Tanzania. Algological Studies 103: 95– 116. https://doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/103/2001/95
Mandal S and Rath J. (2015). Extremophilic cyanobacteria for novel drug development. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12009-6
Martins C D, Arantes N, Faveri C, Batista M B, Oliveira E C, Pagliosa P R and Horta P A. (2012). The impact of coastal urbanization on the structure of phytobenthic communities in southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64: 772–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.031
Majewska R, Adam A, Mohammad-Noor N, Convey P, De Stefano M and Marshall D J. (2017). Spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton communities along a salinity and pH gradient in a tropical estuary (Brunei, Borneo, South East Asia). Tropical Ecology 58: 251–269.
Mateo P, Leganés F, Perona E, Loza V and Fernández-Piñas F. (2015). Cyanobacteria as bioindicators and bioreporters of environmental analysis in aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 24: 909–948.
Md Isa H, Mustafa Kamal A H, Idris M H, Rosli Z and Ismail J. (2017). Biomass and habitat characteristics of epiphytic macroalgae in the Sibuti Mangroves, Sarawak, Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research 28(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.1
Moh T H, Lau N S, Furusawa G and Amirul A A A. (2017). Complete genome sequence of Microbulbifer sp. CCB-MM1, a halophile isolated from Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia. Standards in Genomic Sciences 12: 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-017-0248-0
Mohamed Z A and Al-Shehri A M. (2015). Biodiversity and toxin production of cyanobacteria in mangrove swamps in the Red Sea off the southern coast of Saudi Arabia. Botanica Marina 58: 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0055
Mohd. Nasarudin H and Ruhana H. (2007). Preliminary study on cyanobacteria composition and selected water quality parameters from freshwater fish (Tor tambroides) ponds in Serian, Sarawak. In: Proceedings of Natural Resources and Environmental Management and Environmental Safety and Health (NREM & ESH) 2007, Kuching, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2846.2726
Mohd. Nasarudin H and Ruhana H. (2011a). Blue-green algae and nutrient concentrations in two Tor tambroides aquaculture ponds differing in construction. Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 8: 51–61.
Mohd. Nasarudin H and Ruhana H (2011b). Diversity and similarity among cyanobacteria assemblages from selected aquatic ecosystems in Sarawak using ? Indices. Borneo Journal Resource Science and Technology 1: 28–37. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.260.2011
Mokhtari M, Abd Ghaffar M, Usup G and Che Cob Z. (2016). Effects of fiddler crab burrows on sediment properties in the mangrove mudflats of Sungai Sepang, Malaysia. Biology 5: 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology5010007
Mustapha K A, Abdullah W H, Konjing Z, Gee S S and Koraini A M. (2017). Organic geochemistry and palynology of coals and coal-bearing mangrove sediments of the Neogene Sandakan Formation, northeast Sabah, Malaysia. Catena 158: 30– 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.06.005
Naskar N, Naskar K R and Sen C R. (2008). Brackish water Oscillatoriaceae from North 24-Parganas, West Bengal, India. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 15: 31–38. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v15i1.909
Nedumaran T, Thillairajasekar K and Perumal P. (2008). Mangrove associated cyanobacteria at Pichavaram, Tamilnadu. Seaweed Research and Utilisation 30(Special issue): 77–85.
Neilan B A, Pearson L A, Muenchhoff J, Moffitt M C and Dittmann E. (2013). Environmental conditions that influence toxin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Environmental Microbiology 15: 1239– 1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02729.x
Nogueira N M and Ferreira-Correia M M. (2001). Cyanophyceae/cyanobacteria in red mangrove forest at Mosquitos and Coqueiros estuaries, São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 61: 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842001000300002
Noor Jawahir A R, Samsur M, Shabdin M L and Khairul Adha A R. (2017). Distribution of two species of Asian horseshoe crabs at west coast of Sarawak’s waters, east Malaysia. Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 43: 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2017.03.002
Pazi A M M, Gandaseca S, Rosli N, Hamzah A H, Tindit A E and Nyangon L. (2016). Soil pH and carbon at different depth in three zones of mangrove forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 79: 164–173.
Pérez-Estrada C J, Tejera H L and Serviere-Zaragoza E. (2012). Cyanobacteria and macroalgae from an arid environment mangrove on the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula. Botanica Marina 55: 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1515/bot- 2012-0501
Ray R, Majumder N, Das S, Chowdhury C and Jana T K. (2014). Biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen in a tropical mangrove ecosystem, east coast of India. Marine Chemistry 167: 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2014.04.007
Rajeev L, Da Rocha U N, Klitgord N, Luning E G, Fortney J, Axen S D, Shih P M, Bouskill N J, Bowen B P, Kerfeld C A, Garcia- Pichel F, Brodie E L, Northern T R and Mukhopadhyay A. (2013). Dynamic cyanobacterial response to hydration and dehydration in a desert biological soil crust. ISME Journal 7: 2178–2191. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2013.83
Ram A T and Paul T P. (2021). A review on the distribution records of mangrove-associated heterocytous cyanobacteria: An update. Egyptian Journal of Phycology 22(1): 119–136. https://doi.org/10.21608/egyjs.2021.102836.1008
Ram A T and Shamina M. (2017). Cyanobacterial diversity from seven mangrove environments of Kerala, India. World News of Natural Sciences9: 91–97.
Rastogi R P and Incharoensakdi A. (2014). Characterization of UV-screening compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids, and scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. CU2555. FEMS Microbial Ecology 87: 244–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12220
Rigonato J, Alvarenga D O, Andreote F D, Dias A C F, Melo I S, Kent A and Fiore M F. (2012). Cyanobacterial diversity in the phyllosphere of a mangrove forest. FEMS Microbial Ecology 80: 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01299.x
Rigonato J, Kent A D, Alvarenga D O, Andreote, F D, Beirigo, R M, Vidal-Torrado, P, & Fiore, M F (2013). Drivers of cyanobacterial diversity and community composition in mangrove soils in south-east Brazil. Environmental Microbiology 15: 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02830.x
Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury J B, Herdman M and Stanier R Y. (1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 111: 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-111-1-1
Rossi F and De Philippis R. (2015). Role of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides in phototrophic biofilms and in complex microbial mats. Life 5: 1218–1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/life5021218
Saha S K, Das R, Bora K N and Uma L. (2007). Biodiversity of epilithic cyanobacteria from freshwater streams of Kakoijana reserve forest, Assam, India. Indian Journal of Microbiology 47: 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-007-0043-5
Sakthivel K and Kathiresan K. (2013). Cyanobacterial diversity from mangrove sediment of south east coast of India. Asian Journal of Biodiversity 4: 190–203. https://doi. org/10.7828/ajob.v4i1.303
Selvakumar G and Sundararaman M. (2001). Mangrove associated cyanobacterial species in Muthupet estuary. Seaweed Research and Utilisation 23: 19–22.
Ser H L, Tan L T H, Law J W F, Chan K G, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib N S, Khan T M, Goh B H and Lee L H. (2017). Focused review: Cytotoxic and antioxidant potentials of mangrove-derived Streptomyces. Frontier in Microbiology 8: 2065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02065
Ser H L, Tan L T, Palanisamy U D, Abd Malek S N, Yin W F, Chan K G, Goh B H and Lee L H. (2016). Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov., a novel mangrove soil actinobacterium with antioxidative and neuroprotective potentials. Frontiers in Microbiology 7: 899. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00899
Seydametova E, Salihon J, Zainol N and Convey P. (2015). Mangrove rhizosphere soils: A unique natural source of pravastatin-producing Penicillium microfungi. International Journal of Extensive Research 5: 79–87.
Shah K, Mustafa Kamal A H, Rosli Z, Hakeem K R and Hoque M M. (2016). Composition and diversity of plants in Sibuti mangrove forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Science and Technology 12: 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2015.1057619
Sharif N A M, Kahar N A S, Rodrigues K, Ransangan J and Kian A Y S. (2016). Genetic diversity of mud crabs, Scylla tranquebarica in Sabah, Malaysia based on cytochrome C oxidase (COI) gene sequence. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 38: 365–372.
Shishido T K, Humisto A, Jokela J, Liu L, Wahlsten M, Tamrakar A, Fewer D P, Permi P, Androete A P, Fiore M F and Sivonen K. (2015). Antifungal compounds from cyanobacteria. Marine Drugs 13: 2124–2140. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13042124
Silambarasan G, Ramanathan T and Kathiresan K. (2012). Diversity of marine cyanobacteria from three mangrove environment in Tamil Nadu Coast, south east coast of India. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4: 235–238.
Silva C S P, Genuário D B, Vaz M G M V and Fiore M F. (2014). Phylogeny of culturable cyanobacteria from Brazilian mangroves. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 37: 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2013.12.003
Sinang S C, Poh K B, Shamsudin S and Sinden A. (2015). Preliminary assessment of cyanobacteria diversity and toxic potential in ten freshwater lakes in Selangor, Malaysia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 95: 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1620-7
Sinden A and Sinang S C. (2015). Presence and abundance of cyanobacteria in selected aquaculture ponds in Perak, Malaysia and the relationships with selected physicochemical parameters of water. Jurnal Teknologi 76: 187–194. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v76.3649
Singh H R and Baharin N K. (2016). Gastropod community structure from varying levels of mangrove disturbance in Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 79: 54–63.
Stal L J. (1995). Physiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communities. New Phytologist 131: 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03051.x
Stal L J and Krumbein W E. (1985). Nitrogenase activity in the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. grown under alternating light-dark cycles. Archives of Microbiology 143: 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00414770
Strunecký O, Komárek J, Johansen J R, Lukešová A and Elster J (2013). Molecular and morphological criteria for revision of the genus Microcoleus (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria). Journal of Phycology 49: 1167–1180 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12128
Sundararaman M, Boopathi T and Gopinath S. (2007). Status of mangrove ecosystem: Exploring the potential role of cyanobacteria in restoration and afforestation. In J Seckbach (ed.), Algae and cyanobacteria in extreme environments. Springer Science & Business Media, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6112-7_11
Tan, L T, Chan, K G, Khan, T M, Bukhari, S I, Saokaew, S, Duangjai, A, Pusparajah, P, Lee, L H & Goh, B H (2017). Streptomyces sp. MUM212 as a source of antioxidants with radical scavenging and metal chelating properties. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8: 276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00276
Tan S N, Teng S T, Lim H C, Kotaki Y, Bates S S, Leaw C P and Lim P T. (2016). Diatom Nitzschia navis-varingica (Bacillariophyceae) and its domoic acid production from the mangrove environments of Malaysia. Harmful Algae 60: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.003
Tebano T (2008). A preliminary identification of cyanophyta/cyanobacteria in the brackish milkfish ponds of Marakei, Nikunau and Kiritimati Atolls, Republic of Kiribati. The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 26: 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1071/SP08010
Tika Khusnul F, Siti Gia Syauqiyah F and Rida Oktorida K. (2014). Epiphytic cyanobacteria on Avicennia Marina pneumatophore in mangrove ecosystem of Cagar Alam Pulau Dua (CAPD) Serang, Banten. Paper presented at the International Conference on Research, Implementation and Education Of Mathematics And Sciences 2014, Yogyakarta.
Ulcay S, Ta?kin E, Kurt O and Öztürk M. (2015). Marine benthic cyanobacteria in Northern Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). Turkish Journal of Botany 39: 173–188. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1311-52
Vaezzadeh V, Zakaria M P, Bong C W, Masood N, Mohsen Magam S and Alkhadher S. (2017). Mangrove oyster (Crassostrea belcheri) as a biomonitor species for bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediment of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 39(5): 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2017.1348366
Wan Jusoh N A, Chai M K, Wong L S, Ong G H and Niu Voon B W. (2020). Bioindication of heavy metals in aquatic environment using photosynthetic pigments in cyanobacteria, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering 34: 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.05.011
Wehr J D, Sheath R G and Kociolek J P. (2015). Freshwater algae of North America: Ecology and classification. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385876-4.00005-0
Xue L, Zhang Y, Zhang T, An L and Wang X. (2005). Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on algae and cyanobacteria. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 31: 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408410590921727
Yabuki K. (2004). Gas exchange between the pneumatophores and roots of mangroves by photosynthesis of pneumatophore. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2640-5_5
Zahidin M A, Roslan A, Marni W, Kombi M and Abdullah M T. (2016). Biodiversity assessment and updated checklist of faunal diversity in Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 11: 53–72.
Zainal N, Ser H L, Yin W F, Tee K K, Lee L H and Chan K G. (2016). Streptomyces humi sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from soil of a mangrove forest. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Micr 109: 467–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-016-0653-1