Water Quality Impact and Nature-Based Solutions Guidelines Caused by Sanitary Landfill Site
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This study to monitor and assess the environmental impact of a sanitary landfill in Chachoengsao Province on surrounding water resources between 2023 and 2025 including usage guidelines of nature-based solutions (NBS) for wastewater management. Waste traps and monitoring ponds consistently showed extremely high water quality index values, with monthly averages reaching up to 240,000, which Thailand classifies as inferior water quality index > 100. This severe pollution was primarily due to excessive concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand-5 > 23,000 milligrams per liter, ammonia-nitrogen > 1,000 milligrams per liter and Total coliform bacteria > 160,000 most probable number/100 milliliter. In contrast, surface water displayed moderate to good water quality index (28–40), while groundwater from deep wells generally maintained good water quality index (25–30), with no detection of heavy metals exceeding safety standards. The multivariate statistical analyses using principal component analysis a principal coordinate analysis identified biochemical oxygen demand-5, ammonia-nitrogen, total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria as key indicators, influenced by both seasonal factors and pollution sources. Water quality around the landfill site showed differences in pollution levels, especially in the waste trap and monitoring pond, and very high water quality index values at various times, which are classified as “inferior water quality”. Surface water sources had water quality in the good to moderate range and the groundwater from deep wells remained of good quality with no heavy metals or toxic substances detected at levels exceeding the standard.
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