Developing a GIS-GPS Tracking System to Monitor Wildlife Behavior in Udawalawe National Park: Implications for Sustainable Tourism Development and Wildlife Conservation

https://doi.org/10.36777/jag2023.2.2.4

Abstract

Wildlife tourism is highly popular in Sri Lanka, particularly among nature enthusiasts seeking opportunities to observe diverse wildlife in natural habitats. Udawalawe National Park is a prominent wildlife tourism destination renowned for its diverse ecosystems and abundant wildlife, including waterbirds and elephants. Located at the transition between Sri Lanka’s wet and dry zones, the park is characterised predominantly by open plains interspersed with hilly terrain. Wildlife observation is a major motivation for visitors, making an understanding of animal behaviour, habitat preferences, and spatial distribution essential for promoting responsible and sustainable tourism. This study aimed to monitor wildlife behaviour in Udawalawe National Park and identify suitable locations for wildlife viewing. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating primary and secondary data obtained through field observations and direct and indirect discussions. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies were employed to map tracks and identify potential wildlife-viewing locations, including sites that are not officially designated. The findings indicate that wildlife-viewing opportunities were greatest during the evening, while animals tended to congregate near water bodies across seasons and throughout different times of the day. Approximately 44% of the identified locations were characterised by abundant water resources, and field observations confirmed that these areas attracted a high concentration of wildlife and were conveniently accessible through newly identified tracks. The study also identified less-known and relatively secluded locations that provide opportunities for observing wildlife behaviour. These findings can support the management of the park’s natural environment and tourism attractions while contributing to the sustainable development and promotion of wildlife tourism in Udawalawe National Park. The newly identified tracks and viewing locations have the potential to enhance visitors’ wildlife-viewing experiences while reducing potential disturbance to animals and their habitats. More broadly, the study contributes to the knowledge of wildlife behaviour monitoring and spatial management in protected areas and provides a useful basis for future research, conservation planning, and sustainable tourism management in Udawalawe National Park and comparable ecosystems.