Pupillary Constriction and Dilatation as a Window into Brainstem and Autonomic Integrity
Main Article Content
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Said Mogutham NN, Abdullah JM, Omar S, Sa’uadi MI, Syed Jaafar SN. Brain shift patterns: upward, lateral and downward herniation, its correlation with clinical patterns in acute intracranial pathologies and management. Malays J Med Sci. 2025;32(6):183–201. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms-11-2025-787
Brazis PW, Masdeu JC, Biller J. Localization in Clinical Neurology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2023.
Loewenfeld IE, Lowenstein O. The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications. 2-volume set. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press; 1993.
Haines DE, Mihailoff GA, Willis MA, editors. Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2025.
Rusu MC, Munteanu IM, Vrapciu AD, Jianu AM, Hostiuc S, Tudose RC, et al. Anatomy, imaging, and clinical significance of the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion. Diagnostics. 2025;15(22):2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222911
Rhoton AL Jr. Rhoton’s Cranial Anatomy and Surgical Approaches. New York: Thieme; 2019.
Plum F, Posner JB. The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195321319.001.0001
Greenberg MS. Handbook of Neurosurgery. 10th ed. New York: Thieme; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1055/b000000751
Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP. Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2022.