Self-Efficacy and Intention to Quit Vaping: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence Across Behavioural Studies
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Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of e-cigarette use, particularly among young adults, highlights the critical need for effective cessation strategies. This systematic review aims to map the conceptualisation, measurement and nature of the association between self-efficacy (SE) and intention to quit (ITQ) vaping across empirical studies. Searches were conducted across primary bibliographic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) until 1 November 2025. Additionally, other methods were employed, consisting of a grey literature search via Springer Link (finalised 1 November 2025) and targeted citation tracking through Google Scholar (finalised 12 November 2025). Review articles, qualitative-only studies, editorials and conference abstracts were excluded. Data were synthesised narratively, reporting regression coefficients (β) and odds ratios. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 11 studies were included, all of which were cross-sectional (n = 11) and conducted mainly in the US (n = 8). Quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist rated 10 studies as having a low risk of bias. SE was consistently conceptualised as confidence in quitting or resisting e-cigarette use, measured via single- and multi-item scales (α: 0.81, 0.98). ITQ reflected readiness or determination. Preliminary evidence suggests a predominantly positive association between these constructs (β: 0.16, 0.56), although the observed effects varied across studies. The evidence base exhibited substantial heterogeneity in study design, measurement approaches and study populations. Limitations include the predominance of cross-sectional designs and Western-based samples. Interventions should integrate SE enhancement strategies and future research should employ longitudinal, cross-cultural designs. This review received no financial or non-financial support. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251207425).
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