Inter-religious Elements in Pendidikan Islam KSSM for The Future of Islamic Religious Education in Malaysia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The escalating tensions among students of diverse religions, races and ethnicities in educational settings highlight the pressing need for enhanced inter-religious understanding and communication. This lack of comprehension often leads to conflicts, biases, and misunderstandings, underscoring the importance of fostering connections based on respect, justice and peace. While inter-religious education has made strides in various continents like Europe, Australia and Africa, there remains a gap in its implementation in places such as Malaysia, a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. This study delves into the incorporation of interreligious elements into the Islamic religious education curriculum in Malaysia, aiming to bridge the gap and promote inclusivity. Two primary methods are employed through the use of a qualitative approach. The first way involves conducting a document analysis, which entails examining various types of documents such as textbooks, curriculum standards, official government papers and research publications. The initial method’s findings will be corroborated through a semi-structured interview conducted with educators and experts. This study elucidates the underlying and unspoken aspects of inter-religious debates inside the curriculum. The findings underscore the necessity for a formal integration of inter-religious education to enrich the future of Islamic religious education in Malaysia, paving the way for a more inclusive and harmonious educational landscape.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abd Wahab, M., Muda, K., & Wan Razali, W. M. F. A. (2020). Islam sebagai agama persekutuan dalam kontrak sosial di Malaysia. E-Proceedings of The International Conference on Aqidah, Religions And Social Sciences (Sigma10). Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.
Abdul, H. M. (1995). Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia (Institut Pengajian Ilmu-ilmu Islam (IPI-ABIM) Vol. 7, No. 2. Kajang, Selangor: Institut Pengajian Ilmu-ilmu Islam (IPI-ABIM.
Abdullah, M. R. T. (2010). Cabaran integrasi antara kaum di Malaysia: Perspektif sejarah, keluarga dan pendidikan. Jurnal Hadhari, 2(1), 61–84.
Abrahams, F. (2000). The case of South African state schools, Current Dialogue, World Council of Churches, 35.
Al-Attas, S. M. A. N. (1972). Islam dalam sejarah dan kebudayaan Melayu. ABIM.
Albakri, I. S. M. F, Idris, F., Ibrahium, M., & Ibrahim, A. (2001). Kaedah pengajaran berkesan: Antara keperluan pelajar dan realiti pengajaran pengajian jarak jauh. Jurnal Pengajian Umum, 2, 81–95.
Alias, B. S., Mohamad, S., Muda, M., Ahmad, Z., Pin @ Chum, U., Abd Hamid, N., Manikam, M. S., Abu Bakar, K., Fadzil, N. S., Abd Rahman, N., & Mahdzir, A. M. (2017). Kajian pengukuran tahap perpaduan 2016. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan, 18, 13–19.
Aslan. (2019). Sejarah perjalanan kurikulum Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia. Jurnal Ta’limuna, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.32478/talimuna.v1i1.238
Awang, A., & Mohd Khambali, K. (2013). Kajian literatur: Dialog agama perkongsian aktiviti dalam kalangan masyarakat awam di Malaysia. Esteem Academic Journal, 9(2), 39–53.
Babagario, E. A. (2019). Interfaith Education and the Quest for Peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst].
Balakrishnan, V. (2009). Teaching moral education in secondary schools using real-life dilemmas [Doctoral dissertation, Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington].
Bari, A. A. (2005). Islam dalam Perlembagaan Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: Intel Multimedia and Publication.
Bin Jamil, A. I. (2022). Country report: Religious education in Malaysia. British Journal of Religious Education, 44(2), 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2022.2029170
Birmingham City Council. (2022). The Birmingham Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education 2022. Birmingham City Council.
Bisri, K., & Karwadi. (2018). Interreligious Education Model in Senior High School (SMA) Bopkri 1 Yogyakarta. Sunan Kalijaga International Journal on Islamic Educational Research, 2(1), 60–84. https://doi.org/10.14421/skijier.2018.2018.21.04
Blinder, S., Ford, R., & Ivarsflaten, E. (2019). Discrimination, anti-prejudice norms, and public support for multicultural policies in Europe: The case of religious schools. Comparative Political Studies, 52(8), 1232–1255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830728
Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to theory and methods. Allyn & Bacon.
Boys, M. C., & Lee, S. S. (2006). Christians and Jews in dialogue: Learning in the presence of the other. Woodstock: SkyLight Paths Publishing.
Byrne, C. (2011) Freirean critical pedagogy’s challenge to interfaith education: What is interfaith? What is education? British Journal of Religious Education, 33(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523524
Congressional Research Service. (2011, 7 September). Muslims in Europe: Promoting integration and countering extremism. http://www.crs.gov.
Court, D., & Seymour, J. L. (2015). What might meaningful interfaith education look like? Exploring politics, principles, and pedagogy. Religious Education, 110(5), 517–533 https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2015.1089723
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. London: Sage Publications.
Curriculum Development Centre. (2013). Religious Education Syllabus Grade 8–9. Lusaka: Zambia.
Damin, Z. A., Abdullah, K., & Omar-Fauzee, M. S/ (2021). Ethnic and religious tolerance: Barrier factors and improvement measures based on Malay youth perspectives in Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(2), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.916
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2020). Demographic statistics Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/key-findings-population-and-housing-census-of-malaysia-2020-administrative-district
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2023). Demographic statistics Malaysia, first quarter 2023. https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/key-findings-population-andhousing-census-of-malaysia-2020-administrative-district
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. (2010). Kamus Dewan edisi keempat. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Díaz, L. (2018). A comparative analysis of religious education in Europe and educational guidelines in the framework of interreligious dialogue and a culture of peace. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0004
Engebretson, K. (2012). Inter-faith education in Christian schools. In J. Astley, L. Francis, M. Selcuk, & A. Robbins. (Eds), Teaching religion, teaching truth. London: Peter Lang.
Fancourt, N. (2010). “I’m less intolerant”: Reflexive self-assessment in religious education. British Journal of Religious Education, 32(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2010.498616
Ghulam, M. S. M., Tengku Kasim, T. S. A., & Abdul Kadir, F. A. (2019). Keperluan pengintegrasian sains kesihatan dalam Pendidikan Islam KSSM Tingkatan Satu. Malaysian Journal of Education, 44(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.17576/JPEN-2019-44.01-01
Goldberg, T. (2020). Is this the other within me? The varied effects of engaging in interfaith learning, Religious Education, 115(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2020.1770014
Hamdan, A. R. (2007). Pengajian kurikulum. Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Hashim, C. N., & Langgulung, H. (2008). Islamic religious curriculum in Muslim countries: The experiences of Indonesia and Malaysia. Bulletin of Education and Research, 30(1), 1–19.
Hermans, C. A. (2003). Participatory learning: Religious education in a globalizing society (Vol. 9). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047402121
Hie, Y. H., & Samsu, K. H. K. (2019). Sikap negatif guru sebagai penghalang kepada pembentukan perpaduan etnik di sekolah. Akademika, 89(1), 149–159.
Hull, J. M. (2005). Religious education in Germany and England: The recent work of Hans-Georg Ziebertz. British Journal of Religious Education, 27(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141620052000276483
International Organization for Migration. (2022). World Migration Report 2022. Switzerland: International Organization for Migration.
IPSOS. (2023). Global religion 2023: Religious beliefs across the world. https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2023-05/Ipsos%20Global%20Advisor%20-%20Religion%202023%20Report%20-%2026%20countries.pdf
Jaafar, A. (2019). Asas pembangunan kurikulum dalam pendidikan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Jeyaraj, J. B. (2007). Inter-faith relations for transformation and higher education. In M. Valliammal Baskaran (Ed.), Inter-faith relations and higher education. Delhi: Lady Coak College/ISPCK.
Khalil, A. A., Abd Rahman, R., & Din, H. A. M. (2018). Kajian kes interaksi sosial dalam kalangan pelajar pelbagai etnik ke arah pengukuhan integrasi nasional. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(3), 131–135.
KPM (Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia). (1992). Buku penerangan Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah. Kuala Lumpur: Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
KPM (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). (2001). Falsafah Pendidikan Islam: Matlamat Dan Misi. National Education Philosophy: Goal and Mission, Curriculum Development Centre.
KPM (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). (2013). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013–2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia.
KPM (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). (2017). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan (KSPK). Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.
KPM (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). (2018). Pendidikan Islam (KSSM) standard-based document for curriculum and assessment Pendidikan Islam (DSKP). Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.
Kujawa-Holbrook, S. A. (2014). God beyond borders: Interreligious learning among faith communities (Vol. 1). Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Langgulung, H. (1991). Falsafah Pendidikan Islam (Translation from Omar al-Syaibani). Shah Alam: Penerbitan Hizbi.
Lau, N. S. (2021). Religious education in Asia: Spiritual diversity in globalized times. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 26(1–2), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2021.1874098
Legal Research Board Malaysia (LRBM). (2021). Akta Pendidikan 1996 (Akta 550), Peraturan-peraturan & Kaedah-kaedah Terpilih (Hingga 10 Jun 2021). Petaling Jaya: International Law Book Services.
Liverpool City Council. (2008). Liverpool’s revised agreed syllabus for religious education Liverpool’s S.A.C.R.E. (Standing Advisory Council for Religious Education). United Kingdom: The City of Liverpool.
Llorent-Vaquero, M. (2018). Religious education in public schools in Western Europe. International Education Studies, 11(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v11n1p155
Malaysia Federal Constitution (MFC). (2010). Constitution of Malaysia (Reprint 2010). The Commissioner of Law Revision.
Mat Diah, A. H. (1989). Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia.
Mat Zain, A. E., Din@Mohamad Nasirudin, N., Ismail, N., & Kamis, M. H. (2019). Menghadapi masyarakat majemuk di Malaysia melalui ilmu perbandingan agama: Kajian pendahuluan. Wardah: Jurnal Dakwah dan Kemasyarakatan, 20(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.19109/wardah.v20i1.3618
Mayhew, M. J., & Rockenbach, A. N. (2021). Interfaith learning and development. Journal of College and Character, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2020.1860778
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Interfaith. Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interfaith
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Interreligious. Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 13 April 2024, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interreligious
Milerski, B., & Karwowski, M. (2021). Educational rationality and religious education in Polish public schools. Journal of Beliefs and Values, 44(1), 81–98.
Ministry of Education Ghana. (2019). Religious and moral education curriculum for primary schools (1–6). Ghana: National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA).
Mohamad Yusuf, & Sterkens, C. (2013). State influence and religious organizations on religion-based school policy. Indonesian Society, 39(1).
Mohd Nor, M. R., & Wan Othman, W. M. T. (2011). Sejarah dan perkembangan Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia. At-Ta’dib, 6(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.21111/at-tadib.v6i1.547
Mohd Paudzi, N. H. (2019). Interaksi Muslim asal dan Muslim mualaf menurut perspektif Fiqh al-Ta’ayush. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Universiti Malaya.
Mohd Paudzi, N. H. (2021). Model interaksi lestari dalam perhubungan Muslim–Mualaf–Non-Muslim. In Mualaf Lestari Multietnik Malaysia (pp. 23–42). Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Morgen, J., & Ssndage, S. (2016). A developmental model of interreligious competence: A conceptual framework. Archive for the Psychology of Religion/Archiv für Religions Pychologie, 135(38), 129–158. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341325
Moyaert, M. (2018) On the role of ritual in interfaith education, Religious Education, 113(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2017.1383869
Moyaert, M. (2019). Interreligious hermeneutics, prejudice, and the problem of testimonial injustice. Religious Education, 114(5), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2019.1610927
Museka, G. (2019). Toward the implementation of a multifaith approach in religious education: A phenomenological guide. Religious Education, 114(2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2018.1560745
Mustapha, R., & Darusalam, G. (2018). Aplikasi kaedah fuzzy delphi dalam penyelidikan sains sosial. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Mwale, N., Chita, J. C., & Cheyeka, A. M. (2014). Accounting for the shift towards “multifaith” religious education in Zambia, 1964–2017. Zambia Social Science Journal, 5(2), Article 5.
NCDC (National Curriculum Development Centre). (2013). LGCSE religious studies. Government of Lesotho: Ministry of Education and Training.
Noor, N. M., & Siregar, F. M. (2013). Religious and multicultural education: Introducing interfaith dialogue in the Indonesian educational system. AL ALBAB – Borneo Journal of Religious Studies (BJRS), 2(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v2i1.23
Oliva, P. F. (2009). Developing the curriculum (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Omar, H., Haron, Z., & Kamri., K. A. (2018). Sensitiviti kepelbagaian budaya dalam kalangan guru sekolah kebangsaan pelbagai etnik. JISPO Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 8(1), 1–22.
Ramli, A. F., & Awang, J. (2016). Dialog antara agama menurut perspektif Islam (An Islamic perspective on interfaith dialogue). UMRAN–International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 3(2), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.11113/umran2016.3n2.74
Rekan, A. A, Tengku Kasim, T. S. A., & Yusoff, Y. M. (2016). Pengintegrasian Pendidikan Islam dengan Pendidikan Alam Sekitar di sekolah: Analisis terhadap adaptasi pendekatan integrasi kurikulum holistik. Jurnal Usuluddin, 44, 117–140. https://doi.org/10.22452/usuluddin.
vol44no1.5
Sabri, A. Z. S. A., Abu, R., Sharif, S., & Abu, R. (2021). Accepting other religion and live harmoniously: A Study on Malaysian youth. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 8(2), 01–10. https://doi.org/10.22452/ris.vol8no2.1
Salleh, K., & Abd Khahar, Y. M. (2016). Unsur-unsur persefahaman antara agama dalam kurikulum Pendidikan Islam dan Moral. Islamiyyat, 38(2), 111.
Saylor, J. G., Alexander, W. M., & Lewis, A. J. (1981). Curriculum planning for better teaching and learning (4th ed.). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Selçuk, M., & Valk, J. (2012). Knowing self and others: A worldview for religious education in Turkey. Religious Education, 107(5), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2012.722473