Social Support for Pursuing and Perseverance in Career Related Higher Education: The Lived Experiences of First-Generation Maldivian Youth
Main Article Content
Abstract
The current education and employment policies of Maldives highlight the importance of increasing the number of youths with higher education for the sustainable development of the country. Given the importance of social support, this article focuses on young people's experiences of social support in deciding to pursue a career relevant to higher education and their commitment to the programme and future career. The study used a qualitative research methodology of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Participant selection focused on capturing recent experiences of making career-relevant higher education decisions. Hence, 14 first-generation higher education students studying in an undergraduate degree programme (in Maldives) were purposively selected as participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore their experiences of choosing a career-related higher education programme. Findings show that family networks were the most dominant source of social support and few participants also received social support from institutional members (school and college/university personnel), peers, and work colleagues. The article describes the degrees of social support mobilised by the students from different social networks and highlights the importance of strengthening institutional social networks for youth.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abdullah, F., Azfa, A., Abdulghafoor, H., & Shafeega, F. (2018). Research papers on the situation of women in Maldives. UN Women/UNFPA.
Akosah-Twumasi, P., Emeto, T. I., Lindsay, D., Tsey, K., & Malau-Aduli, B. S. (2018). A systematic review of factors that influence youths career choices—The role of culture. Frontiers in Education, 3, 58. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00058
Albien, A. J., & Naidoo, A. V. (2017). Deconstructing career myths and cultural stereotypes in a context of low resourced township communities. South African Journal of Education, 37(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n4a1476
Arif, S., Iqbal, J., & Khalil, U. (2019). Factors influencing students’ choices of academic career in Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1), 35–47.
Asian Development Bank (2015). Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2015. https://www.adb.org/publications/key-indicators-asia-and-pacific-2015
Ataç, L. O., Dirik, D., & Tetik, H. T. (2018). Predicting career adaptability through self-esteem and social support: A research on young adults. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 18(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-017-9346-1
Aturupane, H., Fielden, J., Mikhail, S., & Shojo, M. (2011). Higher education in the Maldives: An evolving seascape. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17968
Bandi, R. P. (2017). Leadership role for women: A national survey on gender diversity in Maldives. Women on Boards. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26106.08643
Brown, C. J., Webb, T. L., Robinson, M. A., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes’ experiences of social support in their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.01.003
Carrico, C., Matusovich, H. M., & Paretti, M. C. (2019). A qualitative analysis of career choice pathways of college-oriented rural central Appalachian high school students. Journal of Career Development, 46(2), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845317725603
Charlick, S., Pincombe, J., McKellar, L., & Fielder, A. (2016). Making sense of participant experiences: Interpretative phenomenological analysis in midwifery research. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 11, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.28945/3486
Covarrubias, R., Valle, I., Laiduc, G., & Azmitia, M. (2019). “You never become fully independent”: Family roles and independence in first-generation college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 34(4), 381–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558418788402
Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In C. Willig, & W. Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative psychology (2nd ed., pp. 193–211). SAGE. https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/16386 https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n12
Evans, R., Stansberry, D., Bullington, K. E., & Burnett, D. (2020). First in college: A qualitative exploration of experiences of first-generation students. Inquiry: The Journal of the Virginia Community Colleges, 23(1), 1–33. https://commons.vccs.edu/inquiry/vol23/iss1/5
Fouad, N. A., & Kantamneni, N. (2021). The role of race and ethnicity in career choice, development, and adjustment. In S. Brown, & R. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 309–340). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394258994.ch10
Garcia, P. R. J. M., Restubog, S. L. D., Bordia, P., Bordia, S., & Roxas, R. E. O. (2015). Career optimism: The roles of contextual support and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.02.004
Gati, I., & Kulcsár, V. (2021). Making better career decisions: From challenges to opportunities. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103545
Gati, I., & Landman-Tal, S. (2019). Decision-making models and career guidance. In J. A. Athanasou, & R. van Esbroeck (Eds.), International handbook of career guidance (pp. 115–145). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25153-6_6
Germeijs, V., & Verschueren, K. (2007). High school students’ career decision-making process: Consequences for choice implementation in higher education. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.004
Ghosh, A., & Fouad, N. A. (2017). Career adaptability and social support among graduating college seniors. The Career Development Quarterly, 65(3), 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12098
Gibbons, M. M., Taylor, A. L., Brown, E., Daniels, S. K., Hardin, E. E., & Manring, S. (2020). Assessing postsecondary barriers for rural Appalachian high school students. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(1), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072719845329
Gist-Mackey, A. N., Wiley, M. L., & Erba, J. (2018). “You’re doing great. Keep doing what you’re doing”: Socially supportive communication during first-generation college students’ socialization. Communication Education, 67(1), 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2017.1390590
Greer, T. W., & Kirk, A. F. (2022). Overcoming barriers to women’s career transitions: A systematic review of social support types and providers. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 777110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.777110
Harlow, A. J., & Bowman, S. L. (2016). Examining the career decision self-efficacy and career maturity of community college and first-generation students. Journal of Career Development, 43(6), 512–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316633780
Harren, V. A. (1979). A model of career decision making for college students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(79)90065-4
Hirschi, A. (2018). The fourth industrial revolution: Issues and implications for career research and practice. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(3), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12142
House, J. S. (1987). Social support and social structure. Sociological Forum, 2(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01107897
Howard, K., Katsos, N., & Gibson, J. (2019). Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in autism research. Autism, 23(7), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318823902
Jemini-Gashi, L., Duraku, Z. H., & Kelmendi, K. (2019). Associations between social support, career self-efficacy, and career indecision among youth. Current Psychology, 40, 4691–4697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00402-x
Jenkins, S. R., Belanger, A., Connally, M. L., Boals, A., & Durón, K. M. (2013). First-generation undergraduate students’ social support, depression, and life satisfaction. Journal of College Counseling, 16(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00032.x
Joshi, J., & Bakshi, A. J. (2016). Career-related challenges of rural underprivileged youth in western India. Indian Journal of Career and Livelihood Planning, 5(1), 35–51.
Kantamneni, N., McCain, M. R. C., Shada, N., Hellwege, M. A., & Tate, J. (2018). Contextual factors in the career development of prospective first-generation college students: an application of social cognitive career theory. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716680048
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X
Koto, M., Febriaty, H., & Nasution, S. M. A. (2019). The effect of career adaptability and social support toward student career self-efficacy. International Journal of Accounting & Finance in Asia Pacific, 2(3), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.32535/ijafap.v2i3.590
Krumboltz, J. D., & Hamel, D. (1977). Guide to employment-seeking skills. Career Skills Assessment Program of the College Entrance Examination Board
Lakshmi, R., Sampath, S., Lalith, E., Veronica, K., & Dimali, W. (2023). Necessity for a paradigm shift in tertiary education in Sri Lanka: An approach for introducing the conceptual framework of a paradigm shift. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 15(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJEAPS2023.0750
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Social cognitive model of career self-management: Toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033446
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2020). Career decision making, fast and slow: Toward an integrative model of intervention for sustainable career choice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, 103448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103448
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79–122. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1994.1027
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to career choice: A social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.36
Maduwanthi, M. N., & Priyashantha, K. G. (2018). Determinants of career indecision: With special reference to management undergraduates in Sri Lankan state universities [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of 7th International Conference of Management and Economics. International Conference on Management and Economics.
Marciniak, J., Hirschi, A., Johnston, C. S., & Haenggli, M. (2021). Measuring career preparedness among adolescents: Development and validation of the career resources questionnaire—adolescent version. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(1), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072720943838
Marciniak, J., Johnston, C. S., Steiner, R. S., & Hirschi, A. (2022). Career preparedness among adolescents: A review of key components and directions for future research. Journal of Career Development, 49(1), 18–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320943951
Marginson, S. (2016). The worldwide trend to high participation higher education: Dynamics of social stratification in inclusive systems. Higher Education, 72(4), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0016-x
Milosheva, M., Robertson, P., Cruickshank, P., & Hall, H. (2021). Role of information in career development. Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling, 47(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.4703
Ministry of Higher Education. (2019). Environment and social management framework: enhancing employability through human capital development and entrepreneurship. Ministry of Higher Education, Maldives. https://www.mohe.gov.mv/images/resources/resources/ESMF-ECHED.pdf
Ministry of Higher Education. (2020). Programme diversification and training needs guideline. Ministry of Higher Education, Maldives. https://mohe.gov.mv/images/resources/resources/TNA%20guideline_25August2020.pdf
Mishra, S. (2020). Social networks, social capital, social support and academic success in higher education: A systematic review with a special focus on ‘underrepresented’ students. Educational Research Review, 29, 100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100307
Mitchall, A. M., & Jaeger, A. J. (2018). Parental influences on low-income, first-generation students’ motivation on the path to college. The Journal of Higher Education, 89(4), 582–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2018.1437664
Motsabi, S., Diale, B. M., & van Zyl, A. (2020). The role of social support in the persistence of first-year first-generation African students in a higher education institution in South Africa. South African Journal of Higher Education, 34(4), 189–210. https://doi.org/10.20853/34-4-3486
Noon, E. J. (2018). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: An appropriate methodology for educational research? Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i1.304
Nurullah, A. S. (2012). Received and provided social support: A review of current evidence and future directions. American Journal of Health Studies, 27(3), 173–178.
Park, I. -J., Kim, M., Kwon, S., & Lee, H. -G. (2018). The relationships of self-esteem, future time perspective, positive affect, social support, and career decision: A longitudinal multilevel study. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 514. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00514
Peterson, G. W., Sampson, J. P., Reardon, R. C., & Lenz, J. G. (1996). A cognitive information processing approach. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2014). A practical guide to using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in qualitative research psychology. Czasopismo Psychologiczne Psychological Journal, 20(1). [Online]. https://doi.org/10.14691/CPPJ.20.1.7
Pisarik, C. T., Rowell, P. C., & Thompson, L. K. (2017). A phenomenological study of career anxiety among college students. The Career Development Quarterly, 65(4), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12112
Pop, G. V., & van Nieuwerburgh, C. (2019). Listening to your heart or head? An interpretative phenomenological analysis of how people experienced making good career decisions. International Coaching Psychology Review, 14(2), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2019.14.2.84
Saranapala, I. S., & Devadas, U. M. (2020). Factors influencing on career choice of management and commerce undergraduates in national universities in Sri Lanka. Kelaniya Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(2), 108. https://doi.org/10.4038/kjhrm.v15i2.81
Shareef, A. F., & Shougee, M. (2020). Developmental pathway of higher education in the Maldives: Towards massification and quality assurance. In P. M. Sarangapani, & R. Pappu (Eds.), Handbook of education Ssstems in South Asia (pp. 1–18). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3309-5_60-1