These articles have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in MJHA, but are pending final changes, are not yet published and may not appear here in their final order of publication until they are assigned to issues. Additionally, titles, authors, abstracts and keywords may change before publication.

================================================================================

Reaksi Tokoh-Tokoh Nasionalis Terhadap Pendudukan Jepun di Indonesia: Perjuangan Strategi Kerjasama dan Gerakan Bawah Tanah, 1942-1945

Rizal Rahmanto

*Corresponding Author: rizalrahmanto6698@gmail.com

Abstrak

Kedatangan Jepun ke Indonesia telah membawa perubahan terhadap pentadbiran wilayah tersebut. Jepun menjadi satu-satunya bangsa Asia yang berjaya menguasai Indonesia. Pada ketika itu, Jepun berjaya untuk menamatkan pentadbiran kerajaan kolonial Belanda. Kemudian Jepun mengenalkan satu sistem baharu iaitu pemerintahan militer. Keperluan Jepun terhadap perang menjadi punca mereka datang ke Asia Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia. Pada mulanya, Jepun menyerang beberapa wilayah penting sebelum mereka berjaya untuk menguasai Batavia sebagai pusat pentadbiran kolonial Hindia Belanda. Kedatangan Jepun justeru mendapatkan sambutan baik daripada penduduk tempatan kerana mereka menyebut diri sebagai saudara tua, sehingga berjanji akan memberi kemerdekaan penuh kepada bangsa Indonesia. Propaganda ini dilakukan supaya boleh menarik hati masyarakat sehingga mahu membantu Jepun dalam menghadapi Perang Asia Pasifik. Namun tidak semua orang percaya dengan Jepun. Sebahagian menganggap bahawa Jepun hanya memanfaatkan penduduk tempatan untuk kepentingannya sendiri. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap surat khabar dan sumber-sumber sekunder lainnya, kajian ini mendapati dua bentuk reaksi pemimpin tempatan terhadap Jepun. Pertama, beberapa tokoh cuba untuk melakukan strategi kerjasama dengan Jepun serta mengikuti semua perintah dan aturannya. Kedua ada juga sesetengah tokoh yang memilih untuk menentang Jepun melalui gerakan bawah tanah, iaitu aktiviti yang dilakukan secara bersembunyi. Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua gerakan ini mempunyai matlamat yang sama iaitu untuk membawa kepada kemerdekaan Indonesia.

Kata kunci: Pendudukan Jepun, Tokoh Nasionalis, Strategi Kerjasama, Gerakan Bawah Tanah, Kemerdekaan Indonesia

 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

An Overview of the Development of Higher Education in Chongqing from 1891–1937

Dai Shiqi, Tan Chee Seng*

*Corresponding Author: tancs@usm.my

Abstract

This article examines the development of higher education in Chongqing from 1891 to 1937, situating it within the broader context of educational modernization in China’s inland regions. Adopting a chronological and regionally grounded approach, the study divides this process into three stages: the formative stage under the formative stage under the late Qing reforms (1891–1911), the initial expansion during the early Republic of China (1912–1926), and the period of slow institutional consolidation under the Nanjing Nationalist Government (1927–1937). Drawing on local educational records, institutional histories, government documents, and contemporary writings, the article analyzes how modern higher education emerged and evolved in Chongqing under the combined influences of treaty-port opening, intellectual transformation, warlord politics, and regional socioeconomic constraints. The study argues that the trajectory of higher education in Chongqing differed significantly from that of coastal cities and national political centers. While modern institutions such as schools of law and politics pioneered the transition away from the imperial examination system, higher education in Chongqing remained characterized by limited scale, disciplinary imbalance, and heavy dependence on local political power. At the same time, local elites, educators, and community forces actively adapted national educational policies to regional conditions, promoting institutional diversification in fields such as art, physical education, agriculture, and engineering. By reconstructing this regional case, the article highlights the distinctive path and structural limitations of higher education modernization in China’s interior and contributes to a more differentiated understanding of modern Chinese educational history beyond the coastal-centered narrative.

Keywords: Chongqing; Higher Education; Inland China; Educational Modernization; Republican China

 

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Reconnoitering a Medieval Archaeological Site in Satghara and the Power of Indigenous Practices to Transform Tangible Heritage: Past and Present Behaviors

Muhammad Azam Sameer

*Corresponding Author: mazamsameer23@gmail.com

Abstract

Late medieval archaeology is the study of artifacts, buildings, and landscapes that were created between 1250 and 1500/1600 A.D. The Satghara archaeological site known as "Satghara Tibba" has tangible relics from the late medieval era, which lasted from the 16th to the 19th century AD. These items are linked to other tangible legacy, such as tombs, temples, forts, and vernacular constructions depicting historical lifestyles and events. This research adopts a qualitative and interdisciplinary approach, combining archaeological survey, ethnographic observation, and oral history collection. Field visits to the Satghara site were conducted to document material remains, including architectural features, pottery fragments, and landscape characteristics. According to findings, the archaeological sites as those distinguished by tangible heritage remains of human uses. Contestation, construction of belonging, and memory of these traces are among the components that contribute to a sense of heritage-making, and they are linked to narratives about renegotiations of meaning to tangible heritage. Moreover, the findings show a complicated relationship between the past and present, with the archaeological site both changing as a result of human activity and continuing to have an impact on modern cultural practices. This research also emphasizes the importance of tangible legacy as well as the worth of archaeology, and ethnography which adds to broader discussions on material culture in Satghara and offers valuable perspectives for future archaeological studies.

Keywords: Late medieval archaeology; Anthropology; Ethnography; Tangible Heritage; Satghara